Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions

Table 6 Summary of studies investigating sex differences in knee and hip internal rotation angles and moments during a vertical landing task

References	Population		Landing Task		Result†
	Category	Mean Age (years)	Double-Leg vs. Single Leg	Height (cm)	at IC	peak	RoM
Knee Internal Rotation Angle
Earl et al. [23]	Adult	22.8	Double	31	---	0	---
Kiriyama et al. [33]	Adolescent	17.0	Single	20	---	+	---
Lephart et al. [34]	Adult-Athlete	20.3	Single	20	---	0	---
Nagano et al. [35]	Adult-Athlete	19.6	Single	30	0	+^a	---
TOTAL*				% (-/+/0)	0/0/100	0/50/50	---
Knee Internal Rotation Moment
Chaudhari et al. [9]	Adult	19.9	Double	30.48	---	0	---
Hip Internal Rotation Angle
Earl et al. [23]	Adult	22.8	Double	31	---	0	---
Lephart et al. [34]	Adult-Athlete	20.3	Single	20	---	+	---
Hip Internal Rotation Moment
Chaudhari et al. [9]	Adult	19.9	Double	30.48	---	0	---

† +: greater value in female subjects; -: smaller value in female subjects; 0: no differences between sexes; ---: not investigated
^a knee internal/external rotation angle at peak vertical ground reaction force
* Percentage of studies having found lower (-), greater (+), and similar (0) values in female subjects in comparison with male subjects
IC: initial ground contact; RoM: range of motion

ISSN: 2052-1847