Measurement properties of device-based physical activity instruments in ambulatory adults with physical disabilities and/or chronic diseases: a scoping review

Brandenbarg, Pim; Hoekstra, Femke; Barakou, Ioulia; Seves, Bregje L.; Hettinga, Florentina J.; Hoekstra, Trynke; van der Woude, Lucas H. V; Dekker, Rienk; Krops, Leonie A.

doi:10.1186/s13102-023-00717-0

BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

Table 1 Descriptives of the 103 included studies

From: Measurement properties of device-based physical activity instruments in ambulatory adults with physical disabilities and/or chronic diseases: a scoping review

Author	Year	Country	Study design	Population	N	Study setting	% Male	Age (years)	Task	Walking speed (m/s)
Albaum et al. [108]	2019	Canada	Cross	iSCI	17	FL	76.5	62.0 (41.5—78.5)	Physical therapy & self-directed tasks	N.R
Alexander et al. [78]	2022	UK	Cross	MS	100	Lab	30.0	53.5 (47.8–58.0)	Circuit outdoors	Comfortable
Alharbi et al. [140]	2016	Australia	Cross	Coronary heart disease	28	FL	71.4	N.R	Free-living 4 days	N.R
Alothman et al. [91]	2020	USA	Long	DM2	30	FL	36.7	64.87 ± 5.99	Free-living 7 days (2x)	N.R
Anens et al. [79]	2023	Sweden	Cross	MS	30	Lab	30.0	49.2 ± 14.0	Circuit + sedentary activities	0.76 IQR 0.31 – 1.30 IQR 0.39
Arch et al. [92]	2018	USA	Cross	Amputation^a	50	Lab	64–76	55.4 ± 10.1 – 58.6 ± 11.7	Circuit	0.95 ± 0.21—1.01 ± 0.19
Ata et al. [93]	2018	USA	Cross	Peripheral Aterial Disease	114	Lab	77.2	69.5 ± 13.1	6MWT	N.R
Balto et al. [83]	2016	USA	Cross	MS	45	Lab	N.R	46.7 ± 10.0	treatmill 500 steps	1.21 ± 0.27
Bianchini et al. [130]	2022	Italy	Cross	Parkinsons disease	47	Lab	67.0	66.3 ± 8.2	6MWT	Self-selected
Block et al. [84]	2017	USA	Cross	MS	82	Both	29.3	51.0 ± 13.7	2MWT and free-living 7 days	N.R
Block et al. [85]	2019	USA	Cohort	MS	61	Lab	28.0	50.0 ± 14.4	2 MWT	N.R
					31	FL	41.9	53.4 ± 11.7	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Blondeel et al. [67]	2020	Belgium	Cross	COPD	30	FL	61.0	66 ± 8	Free-living 14 days	N.R
Boeselt et al. [68]	2016	Germany	Cross	COPD	20	FL	85.0	66.4 ± 7.4	Free-living 3 days	N.R
Campos et al. [40]	2018	Canada	Cross	Stroke	33	Lab	69.7	64.9 ± 14.7	7 h on a single day	0.82 ± 0.27
Caron et al. [119]	2019	France	Cross	DM2	20	Lab	40.0	57.5 ± 8.4	Treadmill	0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 & 1.50
Cederberg et al. [104]	2021	USA	Cross	Parkinsons disease	29	lab	62.0	64.2 ± 6.4	6MWT + treadmill	1.03 ± 0.18
Chandrasekar et al. [112]	2018	UK	Cross	Polymyalgia rheumatica	27	Lab	11.0	69.2 ± 8.8	2 MWT & stairs test	1.19 (IQR 0.95–1.31)
Claridge et al. [120]	2019	Netherlands	Cross	Cerebral palsy	14	Lab	60.0	35.4 ± 13.1	Circuit
Clay et al. [41]	2019	New Zealand	Cross	Stroke	19	Lab	42.0	65.6 ± 8.2	6MWT	Self-selected (0.97 ± 0.22)
Collins et al. [94]	2019	USA	Cross	Osteoarthritis (knee)	15	FL	33.0	68 ± 8	Free-living waking hours 28 days	N.R
Compagnat et al. [45]	2018	France	Corss	Stroke	35	Lab	N.R	64.6 ± 14.4	Circuit	0.6 ± 0.3
Compagnat et al. [44]	2019a	France	Cross	Stroke	35	Lab	N.R	64.6 ± 14.8	6MWT	Comfortable (0.56 ± 0.30)
Compagnat et al. [42]	2019b	France	Cross	Stroke	38	Lab	52.6	65.7 ± 13.5	Circuit	0.52 ± 0.28
Compagnat et al. [43]	2020	France	Cross	Stroke	26	Lab	N.R	64.6 (55.5–77.0)	6MWT	0.56 ± 0.3
Compagnat et al. [61]	2022	France	Cross	Stroke	26	Lab	61.5	63.5 (55.3—77.5)	6MWT	0.53 ± 0.30
Costa et al. [46]	2020	Brazil	Cross	Stroke	55	Lab	54.5	62.5 ± 14.9	2 MWT	0.7 ± 0.3
Coulter et al. [86]	2017	UK	Cross	MS	20	Lab	45.0	53.7 ± 7.4	Circuit	83.9 ± 25.1 steps/min
Daligadu et al. [109]	2018	Canada	Cross	Cardio-thorax surgery patients^b	20	Lab	90.0	61.3 ± 10.2	6 MWT	0.7 ± 0.2
Daniel et al. [62]	2022	Brazil	Cross	Stroke	24	Lab	54.0	46.2 ± 12.0	Treadmill walking	0.22—0.89
Danilack et al. [69]	2015	USA	Cross	COPD	176	Both	99.0	72 ± 8	Circuit & free-living 14 days	0.97 ± 0.22
de Carvalho Lana et al. [133]	2021	Brazil	Cross	Parkinsons disease	34	Lab	76.5	66.8 ± 7.1	2MWT	Self-selected
Dhillon et al. [70]	2018	USA	Cross	Lung disease^c	8	Lab	N.R	42.1 ± 17.1	Circuit	N.R
Douma et al. [121]	2018	Netherlands	Cross	Cancer	72	FL	63.0	63 ± 11.5	Free-living 14 days	N.R
Duclos et al. [47]	2019	Canada	Cross	Stroke	20	Both	65.0	53.9 ± 10.8	6MWT and Circuit at mall	1.02 ± 0.41 (6MWT) 0.86 ± 0.29 (Circuit)
Falter et al. [88]	2019	Belgium	Cross	Heart disease^d, DM 1&2	40	Lab	80.0	61.9 ± 15.2	Cardiopulmonary exercise test, cycling ergometer	N.R
Fanchamps et al. [48]	2018	Netherlands	Cross	Stroke	25	Both	84.0	56 ± 12	Circuit	N.R
Faria et al. [49]	2019	Brazil	Cross	Stroke	30	Lab	70.0	62 ± 12	Circuit	Maximum speed 1.3 ± 1.0
Farmer et al. [90]	2022	Australia	Cross	Orthopedic, neurological and other	88	Lab	49.0	73 ± 11	Circuit indoors and outdoors	0.81 & 0.78 (in, outdoor)
Farooqi et al. [71]	2015	Swedem	Cross	COPD	19	FL	0.0	69.2 ± 6.0	Free-living 14 days	N.R
Femiano et al.[126]	2022	Switzerland	Cross	Cardiac rehabilitation patients^e	22	Lab	N.R	56.6 ± 9.0	Physical therapy	N.R
Ferreira et al. [132]	2020	Portugal	Cross	Chronic pain	50	Lab	36.0	72.30 ± 6.76	Circuit	Self-selected & maximum walking speed
Garcia Oliveira et al. [63]	2021	Brazil	Cross	Stroke	50	Lab	64.0	62 (57—70)	10 mWT + TUG	0.88 (0.50—1.13)
Gustafsson et al. [128]	2022	Denmark	Cross	Lumbar spinal stenosis	30	Lab	63.0	76.2 ± 7.8	Circuit	Comfortable
Hei Chow et al. [60]	2023	Australia	Cross	Stroke	23	FL	65.0	74.8 ± 9.8	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Henderson et al. [64]	2021	USA	Cross	Stroke	21	Lab	48.0	64.0 ± 13.5	Physical therapy	0.33 (0.00—1.21)
					7	Lab	71.0	65.5 ± 8.3	Exercise training walking	0.49 (0.16–1.08)
Herkert et al. [122]	2019	Netherlands	Cross	Coronary artery disease	19	Lab	74.0	61.4 ± 6.9	Circuit and treadmill	N.R
				Heart failure	19	Lab	89.0	65.1 ± 6.6	Circuit and treadmill	N.R
Holubova et al. [65]	2022	Czech Republic	Cross	Stroke	24	Lab	62.5	58.95 ± 12.25	Circuit	N.R
Huber et al. [66]	2022	Switzerland	Cross	Stroke	20	Lab	65.0	63.1 ± 12.4	Circuit, outdoor	1.34 (0.77—1.47)
Hui et al. [50]	2018	Canada	RCT	Stroke	12	FL	58.0	62.6 ± 9.3	Free-living 3 days (fri-sun)	0.73 ± 0.27
Jao et al. [95]	2017	USA	Cross	DM (half with foot amputation)	31	Lab	N.R	56 ± 7.5	Circuit	Self-selected, 60 & 100 steps/min
Jayaraman et al. [96]	2016	USA	Cross	iSCI	8	Lab	87.5	48.5 ± 3.7	Circuit	N.R
Jayaraman et al. [51]	2018	USA	Cross	Stroke	8	Lab	60.0	55.6 ± 9.4	Circuit	N.R
				iSCI	10	Lab	87.5	48.5 ± 10.4	Circuit	N.R
Jimenez-Moreno et al. [113]	2019	UK	Cross	DM1	30	Lab	66.7	48 (25–72)	Circuit	N.R
Juen et al. [72]	2015	USA	Cross	pulmonary diseases^f	28	Lab	42.8	N.R	6MWT	N.R
Klassen et al. [52]	2016	Canada	Cross	Stroke	43	Lab	70.0	65.0 ± 10.7	Circuit	Self-selected & 0.3–0.9 with increases of 0.1
Klassen et al. [53]	2017	Canada	Cross	Stroke	21	Lab	N.R	55 ± 10	Physical therapy	0.41 ± 0.27
Ladlow et al. [114]	2017	UK	Cross	Amputation^g	20	Lab	N.R	32 ± 5 (unilateral) 29 ± 4 (bilateral)	Treadmill	0.48, 0.67, 0.89, 1.12, 1.34
Ladlow et al. [115]	2019	UK	Cross	Amputation^g	19	Lab	100.0	30.4 ± 4.6	Treadmill	0.48, 0.67, 0.89, 1.12, 1.34
Lai et al. [97]	2020	USA	Cross	Parkinsons disease	31	Lab	N.R	64.3 ± 6.3	Circuit & treadmill	1.05 ± 0.16
Lamont et al. [137]	2018	Australia	Cross	Parkinsons disease	33	Lab	64.0	68.8 ± 8	Circuit	Self-selected & 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 steps/min
Larkin et al. [131]	2016	Ireland	Cross	Rheumatoid arthritis	20	Lab	15.0	55 ± 14	Circuit & treadmill	Self-selected pace
Lavelle et al. [80]	2021	UK	Cross	MS	19	Lab	31.6	52.1 ± 11.9	Circuit	N.R
Mahendran et al. [54]	2016	Australia	Cross	Stroke	15	Lab	53.3	63.4 ± 8.3	6MWT, circuit & treadmill	Slow (0.31 ± 0.11), comfortable (0.42 ± 0.17) & fast (0.54 ± 0.25)
Mandigout et al. [55]	2017	France	Cross	Stroke	24	Lab	62.5	68.2 ± 13.9	Circuit	N.R
McGinley et al. [110]	2015	Canada	Cross	DM2	35	FL	60.0	62.8 ± 7.8	Free-living 14 days	N.R
Miyamoto et al. [73]	2018	Japan	Cross	COPD	11	FL	91.6	76.6 ± 6.9	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Negrini et al. [56]	2020	Italy	Cross	Stroke	43	Lab	62.8	61.3 ± 14.95	Circuit	0.75 ± 0.32
Nishida et al. [134]	2020	Japan	Cross	DM2	51	FL	45.1	70 ± 5	Free-living 12–16 days	N.R
O'Brien et al. [116]	2020	UK	Cross	Rheumatoid arthritis	22	Lab	14.0	53.7 ± 12.5	Circuit	N.R
				Rheumatoid arthritis	100	FL	29.0	58.5 ± 12.1	Free-living 7 days	N.R
O'Neill et al. [117]	2017	UK	Cross	Bronchiectasis	55	FL	40.0	60 ± 10	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Pham et al. [123]	2017	Germany	Long	Parkinsons disease	20	Lab	52.4	66.4 ± 9.0	Circuit	N.R
Polese et al. [57]	2019	Brazil	Cross	Stroke	37	Lab	75.7	62 ± 11	Circuit	0.9 ± 0.3 Comfartable 1.3 ± 0.6 Fast
Polhemus et al. [81]	2023	Switzerland	Cross	MS	45	Both	35.6	46 (IQR 40—51)	Circuit + Free-living 14 days	109 (61–146) steps/min
Popp et al. [125]	2019	Switzerland	Cross	iSCI	30	Lab	70.0	54.1 ± 11.9	Circuit	N.R
Prieto-Centurion et al. [74]	2016	USA	Cross	COPD	4	Home	100.0	69 ± 10	6MWT	N.R
Roberts-Lewis et al. [118]	2022	UK	Long	Progressive muscle diseases	20	Lab	N.R	N.R	Circuit	N.R
					56	FL	44.6	44.7 ± 15.1	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Rockette-Wagner et al. [105]	2021	USA	Long	Inflammatory myopathy	50	FL	40.0	48.6 ± 15.4	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Rossi et al. [98]	2018	USA	Cross	Endometrial cancer	25	FL	0.0	62 ± 9	Free-living 30 days	N.R
Salih et al. [138]	2016	Australia	Cross	Amputation^h	21	Lab	71.4	59.4 ± 11.5	Circuit	N.R
Saygin et al. [106]	2022	USA	Long	Myositis	24	FL	29.2	46.2 ± 14.4	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Schaffer et al. [58]	2017	USA	Cross	Stroke	24	Lab	58.3	54 ± 13.4	Circuit	0.72 ± 0.40
Semanik et al. [99]	2020	USA	RCT	Chronic knee symptoms	35	FL	31.0	52 ± N.R	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Shimizu et al. [59]	2018	Japan	Cross	Stroke	10	Lab	50.0	57.5 ± 16.2	circuit	0.98 ± 0.36
Shoemaker et al. [100]	2017	USA	Cohort	Heart failure	16	FL	56.3	64.9 ± 11.3	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Smith et al. [101]	2019	USA	Cross	Amputation^g	32	Lab	66.0	49.7 ± 14.0		Self-selected
Smith & Guerra [107]	2021	USA	Cross	Amputation^g	35	Lab	54.3	48.5 ± 14.8	2MWT	1.23 ± 0.22
Stuart et al. [82]	2020	UK	Long	MS	56	FL	52.0	53.6 ± 8.0	Free-living 2–7 days	N.R
Takasaki[135]	2017	Japan	Cross	Lower back pain	15	FL	40.0	22.1 ± 4.3	Free-living 14 days	N.R
Taoum et al. [139]	2020	France	Cross	Peripheral artery disease	23	Lab	N.R	60.0 ± 10.0	Circuit	Self-selected
Thorup et al. [127]	2017	Denmark	Cross	Heart diseaseⁱ	24	FL	91.6	67.0 ± 10.0	Day at hospital and day at home	N.R
Treacy et al. [23]	2017	Australia	Cross	Diverse motor disabilities^j	166	Lab	55.0	80 ± 11	6MWT	0.42 ± 0.22
Ummels et al. [75]	2018	Netherlands	Cross	CVD, cancer, COPD, osteoarthritis, chronic pain	130	Lab	43.6	61.5 ± 11.1	Circuit	1.3 ± 0.3
Van Blarigan et al. [102]	2017	USA	Cross	prostate cancer	22	FL	100.0	66 (56–83)	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Van der Weegen et al. [77]	2015	Netherlands	Cross	COPD & DM2	9	Lab	N.R	60.9 ± 7.1 (Lab)	Treadmill	0.56 + 0.14 every 3 min
				COPD & DM2	12	FL	N.R	61.6 ± 9.2 (free-living)	Free-living 6–7 consecutive days	N.R
Van Laerhoven et al. [124]	2022	Germany	Cross	DM	28	FL	65.0	74.8 ± 9.8	Free-living 2 days	N.R
Vetrovsky et al.[141]	2019	Australia	Cross	Heart failure	15	FL	60.0	65.5 ± 12.6	Free-living 3 days	N.R
Wagner et al. [105]	2022	Denmark	Cross	RA	30	Lab	17.0	61 (50–74)	Treadmill	0.69 – 1.39, increments of 0.14
Webber & John[89]	2016	Canada	Cross	Geriatric rehabilitation^k	38	Lab	10.5	83.2 ± 7.1	Hallway walk	0.4 ± 0.2
Webster et al. [76]	2021	USA	Cross	COPD	59	FL	52.5	69.4 ± 7.8	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Wendel et al. [103]	2018	USA	Cross	Parkinsons disease	33	Lab	58.0	65.5 ± 9.4	Circuit	Comfertable and fast pace
Zbogar et al. [111]	2016	Canada	Cohort	SCI	35	Lab	70.0	48.9 ± 18.3	1 day of rehab	0.75 ± 0.39
Zhai et al. [87]	2020	Germany	Cross	MS	67	FL	37.3	42.9 ± 10.9	Free-living 7 days	N.R
Yu et al. [136]	2022	Australia	Long	OA	65	FL	54.0	61.3 ± 5.99	Free-living 7 days	N.R

^aLower limb, below knee, unilateral
^bPost-coronay artery bypass graft surgery, aortic calve repair, mitral valve replacement
^cCOPD, interstitial lung disease, cystic fibrosis
^dIschemic heart disease, valvular heart disease
^ecoronary infarction, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, valvular cardiopathy, type-a aortic dissection
^fCOPD, congestive heart failure, other pulmonary diseases requiring pulmonary function test
^gLower limb, below and above knee, unilateral and bilateral
^hLower limb, below and above knee, unilateral
ⁱAcute coronary syndrome, heart failure, coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery
^jFractured hip, pelvis, lower limb orthopedic surgery, stroke, TIA, neurological event, decreased mobility post medical or non-orthopedic surgical event, post fall with no lower limb fracture, other
^krespiratory/infection, orthopedic, falls/decreased mobility, neurological, gastrointestinal, cancer, endocrine
Cross Cross sectional, Long Longitudinal, RCT Randomized controlled trial, CAD Coronary artery disease, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVD Cardiovascular disease, DM1 Diabetes mellitus type 1, DM2 Diabetes mellitus type 2, DM Diabetes mellitus (further details unknown), iSCI Incomplete spinal cord injury, MS Multiple sclerosis, PAD Pulmonary artery disease, SCI Spinal cord injury, Both Both free-living and laboratory with protocolled activities, FL Free-living, Home Home situation with protocolled activities, Lab Laboratory setting with protocolled activities, MWT Minutes walking test, mWT Meter walking test, TUG Timed up and go-test, N.R. Not reported

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