Fig. 1

a A representative example of one participant’s foot secured to the footplate with the sEMG electrodes placed over the tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. b A representative example of the participant’s force output and the corresponding EMG signals collected from the proximal and distal end of the TA muscle. The grey line is the target line as 20% of maximal voluntary contraction (%MVC) that participants need to follow, including ramping up in 3.5 s and then linearly ramping down to rest in 3.5 s. The black line is the participant’s force output and the corresponding EMG signal