Table 3 Intervention effects in the total study group and the DS group, including a comparison of the experimental and control groups

Total group

n = 83

n = 40

n = 43

GDS T₀

11.5 (4.6)

12.1 (4.6)

11.0 (4.6)

0.22 [-0.21; 0.65]

0.31^a

GDS T₁

7.5 (4.6)

6.8 (3.9)

8.2 (5.1)

-0.16 [-0.39; 0.09]

0.22^b

ΔGDS

4.0 (3.7)

5.3 (3.1)

2.8 (3.9)

0.71 [ 0.26; 1.15]

0.002^a

DS group

n = 60

n = 30

n = 30

GDS T₀

13.6 (3.5)

13.8 (3.9)

13.4 (3.1)

-0.01 [-0.29; 0.28]

0.98^b

GDS T₁

8.7 (4.8)

7.4 (4.2)

10.0 (5.0)

-0.56 [-1.07; -0.04]

0.03^a

ΔGDS

4.9 (3.9)

6.3 (2.6)

3.4 (4.4)

0.81 [0.28; 1.34]

0.003^a