Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies
Author(s) | Type of study | Country | Participants | Age | Evaluation of periodontal health |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkan et al. [23] 2020 | Before-after | Turkey | 25 females | Periodontitis: 49.1(7.9); Health: 45.9(8.3) | PI, GI, PDD, BOP, GR and CAL |
Almohamad et al. [24] 2022 | Cross-sectional | USA | 1643 males and 1684 females | > 30 | CAL and PDD |
Al-Zahrani et al. [25] 2005 | Cross-sectional | USA | 1245 males and 1276 females | Periodontitis: 50.3(0.9); Health: 47.4(0.5) | CAL and PDD |
Al-Zahrani et al. [26] 2005 | Cross-sectional | USA | 12,110 | > 18 | CAL and PDD |
Bawadi et al. [27] 2011 | Cross-sectional | Jordan | 168 males and 172 females | 36(14.9) | PI, GI, CAL and PDD |
Bazyar et al. [28] 2019 | Case control | Iran | 67 males and 136 females | Case: 51.1(5.7) Control: 50.8(5.4) | BOP, PI, PDD and CAL |
Cueto et al. [29] 2005 | Case control | Spanish | 89 males and 60 females | Case: 62.5(9.9) Control: 58.5(10.2) | PDD, CAL |
Han et al. [30] 2010 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 457 males and 589 females | 42.3(12.2) | CPI |
Han et al. [31] 2016 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 16,726 males | Case: 52.08(0.31) Control:40.57(0.26) | CPI |
Han et al. [32] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 14,527 males | Case: 54.1(0.3) Control: 41.8(0.2) | CPI |
Han et al. [33] 2018 | Cross-Sectional | Korean | 6117 males and 8558 females | > 19 | CPI |
Han et al. [34] 2019 | Cross-sectional | Korea | 5175 males and 6746 females | 45.9 | CPI |
Hasan et al. [35] 2021 | Case Cohort | Bangladesh | 175 males and 204 females | 21–60 | CPI |
Hoppe et al. [36] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Brazil | 112 males | 34.9(10.3) | PD, AL |
Hwang et al. [37] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Korea | 5545 males and 7144 females | > 19 | CPI |
Iwasaki et al. [38] 2023 | Cross-sectional | Japan | 746 males and 1414 females | 58.1(9.6) | CAL, PDD and GR |
Kongstad et al. [39] 2017 | Cross-Sectional | Denmark | 1425 males and 2240 females | 53.7(13.7) | CAL, PDD and GR |
Marruganti et al. [40] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Italy | 99 males and 136 females | 53.9 | clinical attachment level, Probing depth, gingival recession (REC), plaque and Bleeding on Probing |
Marruganti et al. [41] 2023 | Cross-sectional | USA | 5264 males and 5415 females | 50.8(0.3) | PDD and GR |
Mendoza-Núñez et al. [42] 2014 | Intervention | Mexico | 71 | 60–74 | PDI |
Merchant et al. [43] 2003 | Case Cohort | USA | 2123 males | 40–75 | Radiographic bone loss, viewing box and magnifying loupes |
Munther et al. [44] 2019 | Case Cohort | Iraq | 120 males | 20–25 | Periodontal Disease Index |
Sakki et al. [45] 1995 | Cross-sectional | Finland | 226 males and 261 females | 55 | PDD |
Sanders et al. [46] 2009 | Case control | Australia | 310 males and 440 females | > 18 | PDD and GR |
Samnieng et al. [47] 2013 | Cross-sectional | Thailand | 158 males and 454 females | 68.8(5.9) | CAL and PDD |
Schmidt et al. [48] 2022 | Cross-sectional | Germany | 568 males and 590 females | 13.2(2.3) | CPI |
Oliveira et al. [49] 2015 | Cross-sectional | Brazil | 111 males | 34.8(10.3) | BOP, CAL and PDD |
Omori et al. [50] 2018 | Intervention | Japan | 71 males | 31–64 | PPD, BOP |
Wernicke et al. [51] 2021 | RCT | Germany | 37 | > 18 | PPD, BOP and plaque scores |
Yu et al. [52] 2011 | Cross-Sectional | USA | 1902 males and 1954 females | 71.2(7.7) | CAL and PDD |