Table 3 Details of exercise in the included studies

Alkan et al. [23] 2020

Maximal oxygen consumption, handgrip and backleg strength

N/A

12 weeks

One hour per day, 3 days a week

N/A

Almohamad et al. [24] 2022

IPAQ

N/A

N/A

N/A

Moderate or high

Al-Zahrani et al. [25] 2005

Questionnaires on frequency of nine leisure-time physical activities

Walking a mile or more at a time without stopping, jogging or running, bike riding, aerobics exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work and weight lifting

10 years or longer

Moderately intense physical activity per week or three episodes of vigorously intense activity per week

Moderate or vigorous

Al-Zahrani et al. [26] 2005

Questionnaires on frequency of nine leisure-time physical activities

Walking a mile or more at a time without stopping, jogging or running, bike riding, aerobic dancing or exercise, dancing, swimming, calisthenics, garden or yard work, and weight lifting

N/A

≥ 5 episodes of moderate or ≥ 3 episodes of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week

Moderate or vigorous

Bawadi et al. [27] 2011

IPAQ

Heavy lifting, digging, aerobics, or fast bicycling

7 days

N/A

Low or high

Bazyar et al. [28] 2019

IPAQ

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Cueto et al. [29] 2005

Regular practice of physical

exercise

N/A

N/A

Regular

N/A

Han et al. [30] 2010

Physical activity in a week

Walking or exercise

1 week

N/A

N/A

Han et al. [31] 2016

Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Han et al. [32] 2017

Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session

N/A

N/A

Regular

N/A

Han et al. [33] 2018

Regular exercisers if they performed walking at least 5 times per week for over 30 min per session

Walking

N/A

Five times per week for over 30 min per session

N/A

Han et al. [34] 2019

IPAQ

Walking

1 week

Walking for > 30 min, ≥5times a week

N/A

Hasan et al. [35] 2021

IPAQ

Moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity

7 days

[moderate physical activity + vigorous physical activity × 2] ≥ 150 min in 7 days

Moderate or vigorous

Hoppe et al. [36] 2017

The number of days per week that the individual engaged in physical exercise

Running

Not exceeding 3 months

2 times per week

N/A

Hwang et al. [37] 2022

IPAQ

Moderate-intensity activity and high-intensity activity

N/A

2.5 h or more of moderate-intensity physical activity, 1.25 h of high-intensity physical activity, or a combination of moderate-intensity and high-intensity physical activity per week

Moderate or high

Iwasaki et al. [38] 2023

The number of hours spent engaging in activities with different intensity levels in nonleisure time on a typical day in the last year and the frequency and number of hours spent engaging in activities with different intensity levels during leisure time

Walking slowly, walking quickly, light-to-moderate exercise, and strenuous exercise

1 year

N/A

Light, moderate and strenuous

Kongstad et al. [39] 2017

Leisure time physical activity was dichotomized as less than 4 h a week and ≥ 4 h a week

N/A

1 week

less than 4 h a week and ≥ 4 h a week

N/A

Marruganti et al. [40] 2022

IPAQ

N/A

7 days

N/A

Moderate, vigorous

Marruganti et al. [41] 2023

IPAQ

Moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity

1 week

N/A

Moderate, vigorous

Mendoza-Núñez et al. [42] 2014

Performed Tai Chi 5 days a week for 60-minute sessions

Tai Chi

6 months

5 days a week

N/A

Merchant et al. [43] 2003

h per week on average spent in the last year walking, hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, swimming, playing tennis, squash, or aerobics, and the number of stairs climbed.

Walking (including walking to work), hiking, jogging, running, bicycling, using a stationary bicycle, swimming, playing tennis, squash, or aerobics, and the number of flights of stairs they climbed

N/A

N/A

Light, moderate, strenuous

Munther et al. [44] 2019

Physical exercises were performed for a half-hour to an hour daily either at home or the gym

N/A

N/A

a half-hour to an hour daily

N/A

Sakki et al. [45] 1995

Low if subject used less than 15 min for walking or driving a bike on the way to work and exercised only once or less in a week during leisure time. Otherwise it was rated as high.

Walking or driving a bike

N/A

Physical activity was low if the subject used less than 15 min for walking or driving a bike on the way to work and exercised only once or less in a week during leisure time. Otherwise it was rated as high.

N/A

Sanders et al. [46] 2009

Eight core questions from the Active Australia Survey

Continuous walking for at least 10 min.; vigorous gardening or heavy work around the yard; other vigorous activity; and other more moderate physical activities

N/A

at least five sessions of physical activity per week culminating in at least 2.5 h of activity

Light, moderate, strenuous

Samnieng et al. [47] 2013

The number of desirable health practices.

N/A

N/A

Regular

N/A

Schmidt et al. [48] 2022

Asking the children whether and how often they engage (a) in organized physical and (b) non-organized physical activity

N/A

N/A

at least once a week, less than once a week

N/A

Oliveira et al. [49] 2015

PFT

Push-ups, sit-ups and running for 12 min.

N/A

N/A

N/A

Omori et al. [50] 2018

Resistance training or aerobic training in cycling session for 20 ~ 40 min at 60–85% maximal oxygen consumption

Resistance training or aerobic training in cycling session for 20 ~ 40 min

1 month

N/A

Moderate, vigorous

Wernicke et al. [51] 2021

Strength endurance and endurance

Aerobic exercise, resistance training, combined aerobic and resistance training

26 weeks

twice a week

Light, moderate, strenuous

Yu et al. [52] 2011

Activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living; leisure and social activities, lower extremity mobility, and general physical activities.

Stooping, crouching, kneeling, standing for 2 h, sitting for 2 h, standing up from an armless chair, reaching overhead, grasping and holding small objects, and lifting or carrying 10 pounds

N/A

N/A

Light, moderate, strenuous