Table 1 Participant characteristics and JBI scores

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Body mass (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Almeida et al. 2020 [1]

28

Male = 14, Female = 14

Male = 16.6 ± 1.8, Female = 15.6 ± 2.6

Male = 178.5 ± 8.1, Female = 163.4 ± 6.7

Male = 70.5 ± 9.9, Female = 56.0 ± 6.7

No

Well trained

National

5

Amara et al. 2021 [2]

33

Male

16.46 ± 0.59

180.56 ± 5.69

72.82 ± 8.41

No

9.50 ± 0.71

National

7

Bond et al. 2015 [5]

50

Male = 21, Female = 29

13.6 ± 1.7

164 ± 1.5

54.4 ± 1.4

No

Not stated

National

5

Chatard et al. 1990 [9]

84

Male = 48, Female = 36

Male = 16.1 ± 3.5, Female = 14.6 ± 2

Male = 170 ± 12, Female = 165 ± 8

Male = 60 ± 14, Female = 55 ± 9

No

Not stated

Competitive, level not stated

7

de Barros Sousa et al. 2017 [12]

12

Male = 6, Female = 6

15.7 ± 1.1

173.3 ± 9.5

66.1 ± 9.5

No

Not stated

National

5

de Mello Vitor & Böhme, 2010 [13]

24

Male

13.0 ± 0.7

163.5 ± 6.3

52.3 ± 8.4

Yes

3–4 years

Regional or national

7

Dos Santos et al. 2021 [15]

85

Male = 50, Female = 35

Male = 13.56 ± 1.80, Female = 12.60 ± 1.88

Male = 165.07 ± 11.06, Female = 154.68 ± 8.82

Male = 54.72 ± 10.08, Female = 47.63 ± 10.88

Yes

Not stated

National

5

Duché et al. 1993 [16]

25

Male

11.3 ± 1

147.3 ± 9.7

38.3 ± 7.8

Yes

Not stated

2 years competitive experience, level not stated

7

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Espada et al. 2015 [17]

12

Male

16 ± 3.2

175.2 ± 9.1

65.4 ± 8.9

No

6 years

National

5

Ferreira et al. 2021 [21]

34

Male = 24, Female = 10

12.07 ± 1.14

155 ± 10

45.42 ± 9.22

Yes

Not stated

More than 1 year of competitive experience, level not stated

8

García-Ramos et al. 2016 [23]

20

Female

15.3 ± 1.6

166.9 ± 5.9

57.2 ± 7.4

No

Not stated

International

5

Geladas et al. 2005 [25]

263

Male = 178, Female = 85

12.78 ± 0.047

Male = 165.5 ± 0.7, Female = 161.2 ± 0.6

Male = 54.1 ± 0.7, Female = 48.3 ± 0.6

Yes

Not stated

Regional or national

7

Girold et al. 2006 [26]

37

Male = 16, Female = 21

17.5 ± 3.5

173 ± 14

63 ± 14

No

Not stated

Regional or national

8

Hawley et al. 1992 [29]

30

Male = 12, Female = 10

Male = 13.6 ± 1.3, Female = 13.2 ± 1.9

Not stated

Male = 54.4 ± 7.6, Female = 56.2 ± 10.1

No

At least 3 months prior to study

Not stated

6

Hellard et al. 2018 [31]

26

Not stated

16 ± 1

178 ± 8

65 ± 8

No

Not stated

Regional, national and international

4

Jürimäe et al. 2007 [35]

29

Not stated

13.0 ± 1.8

163.6 ± 11.9

51.6 ± 13.0

Yes

3.0 ± 1.1 years

Not stated

7

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Kalva-Filho et al. 2018 [36]

25

Male = 14, Female = 11

15 ± 1, 13 ± 1

165 ± 8

59.3 ± 8.2

No

5 years minimum

Regional or national

6

Keiner et al. 2015 [39]

14

Male

17.5 ± 1.6

1.81 ± 0.0

70.21 ± 4.88

No

7 years minimum

Regional or national

6

Keiner et al. 2019 [38]

21

Male = 12, Female = 9

17.5 ± 2

177.3 ± 10.1

69.5 ± 11.4

No

Not stated

Regional or national

5

Klika & Thorland, 1994 [41] 

12

Male

10.3 ± 1.0

Faster swimmers = 1.412 ± 0.104, Slower swimmers = 1.406 ± 0.062

Faster swimmers = 35.1 ± 11.0, Slower swimmers = 30.2 ± 3.0

No

Not stated

Competitive—local/age-group competitions

7

Lätt et al. 2009 [42]

26

Female

12.7 ± 2.2 to 14.6 ± 1.9 (conducted over 3 years)

160.9 ± 9.3

50.3 ± 9.2 to 55.8 ± 8.8

Yes

3.7 ± 1.8 years

Not stated

7

Lätt et al. 2010 [43]

25

Male

15.2 ± 1.9

176 ± 0.09

63.3 ± 10.9

Yes

5.6 ± 1.5 years

Not stated

7

Loturco et al. 2015 [44]

10

Male

17.0 ± 0.7

177 ± 0.05

70.4 ± 6.3

No

Well trained

National

4

Maszczyk et al. 2012 [50]

189

Male

12 ± 0.5

Not stated

Not stated

No

4 years

Competitive, level not stated

6

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Mezzaroba et al. 2013a [51]

71

Male = 41, Female = 30

M1 = 13.6 ± 2.1, M2 = 14.3 ± 1.9, F1 = 13.3 ± 2.0, F2 = 13.3 ± 2.6

M1 = 165 ± 14, M2 = 166 ± 10, F1 = 158 ± 9, F2 = 157 ± 10

M1 = 56.6 ± 16.4, M2 = 55.1 ± 12.1, F1 = 51.3 ± 9.3, F2 = 52.1 ± 13.5

Yes

2 years minimum

Regional or national

5

Mezzaroba et al. 2013b [52]

33

Male = 17, Female = 16

Male = 13.559 ± 2.346, Female = 13.179 ± 2.255

Male = 161.120 ± 11.806, Female = 154.930 ± 8.986

Male = 53.947 ± 13.616, Female = 48.707 ± 8.662

Yes

2 years minimum

Not stated

5

Mitchell et al. 2018 [53]

48

Male = 22, Female = 26

Male = 16.5 ± 1.2, Female = 15.5 ± 1.1

100 m group—177.9, 200 m group—176.9

Measured but not stated

Yes

Not stated

National

6

Morais et al. 2016a [55]

100

Male = 49, Female = 51

12.3 ± 0.74

158.9 ± 7.94

48.8 ± 8.29

Yes

3.1 ± 0.71 years

Regional or national

7

Morais et al. 2016b [56]

27

Male = 12, Female = 15

Male = 13.55 ± 0.72, Female = 13.16 ± 0.93

C1 = 168.57 ± 7.61, C2 = 160.44 ± 7.32, C3 = 159.36 ± 5.80

C1 = 58.37 ± 4.86, C2 = 50.92 ± 5.96, C3 = 50.43 ± 8.34

Yes

3.67 ± 0.73 years

Regional or national

7

Morouço et al. 2014 [58]

34

Male

17.2 ± 2.72

1.76 ± 0.09

67.4 ± 9.94

No

5 years minimum

National and international

4

Papoti et al. 2009 [61]

25

Male = 15, Female = 10

16 ± 3

168 ± 5.04

63 ± 6.07

No

5 years minimum

National

5

Papoti et al. 2013 [60]

12

Male = 9, Female = 3

Male = 16 ± 1.0, Female = 15 ± 0.6,

Male = 1.69 ± 0.1, Female = 157 ± 0.1

Male = 60 ± 3.0, Female = 55 ± 3.9

No

Trained

200 m freestyle time = 71% of world record, level not stated

7

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Pardos-Mainer et al. 2015 [62]

67

Male = 38, Female = 29

14.3 ± 2.2

164.2 ± 12.1

55.6 ± 13.2

Yes

9.7 ± 2.3 years

Regional

8

Potdevin et al. 2011 [70]

23

Male and Female

Intervention = 14.1 ± 0.2, Control = 14.3 ± 0.2

Intervention = 161 ± 12, Control = 158 ± 12

Intervention = 50.03 ± 9.04, Control = 50.85 ± 12.71

Yes

Not stated

Competitive experience. Intervention = 3.5 ± 1.3, Control = 3.1 ± 1.9, level not stated

9

Reis et al. 2010 [71]

22

Male

16.9 ± 2.6

184 ± 6

69.1 ± 7.9

No

G1 = 10.2 ± 1.6, G2 = 11.0 ± 2.5 years

Competitive, level not stated

5

Ribeiro et al. 1990 [72]

15

Not stated

16 ± 2

171 ± 4

63 ± 8

No

Not stated

Competitive, level not stated

6

Rodríguez et al. 2015 [74]

36

Male = 26, Female = 10

Male = 15.5 ± 2.2, Female = 15.4 ± 1.8

Male = 176.2 ± 9.2, Female = 169.9 ± 5.3

Male = 63.3 ± 10.7, Female = 57.8 ± 5.7

No

5.6 ± 1.5 years

National

7

Saavedra et al. 2010 [76]

133

Male = 66, Female = 67

Male = 13.60 ± 0.56, Female = 11.51 ± 0.55

Male = 171.12 ± 7.50, Female = 154.75 ± 7.47

Male = 57.95 ± 8.18, Female = 43.96 ± 7.17

Yes

Not stated

National

7

Author

n

Gender

Age (years)

Height (cm)

Weight (kg)

Maturity Assessment

Training experience (years)

Competition level

JBI Score

Seffrin et al. 2021 [78]

49

Male = 33, Female = 16

Male = 11.50 ± 0.52, Female = 11.67 ± 0.52, Male = 13.53 ± 0.62, Female = 13.33 ± 0.52, Female = 16.25 ± 0.96

Male = 151.70 ± 8.46, Female = 155.55 ± 4.58, Male = 164.74 ± 6.94, Female = 160.48 ± 4.53, Female = 159.93 ± 5.59

Male = 42.08 ± 8.60, Female = 47.07 ± 9.76, Male = 53.19 ± 10.42, Female = 50.15 ± 5.41, Female = 59.53 ± 6.59

No

Not stated

Regional or national

8

Smith et al. 1988 [81]

16

Male

17.4 ± 2.3

179.8 ± 6.4

71.4 ± 7.1

No

Not stated

National

7

Strzala et al. 2015 [82]

27

Male

15.7 ± 1.98

180 ± 2

70.03 ± 9.35

No

Not stated

Regional or national

7

Strzała et al. 2019 [83]

15

Male

17.3 ± 0.59

181.1 ± 6.25

74.8 ± 4.40

No

Not stated

Regional or national

8

Unnithan et al. 2009 [86]

10

Female

15.3 ± 1.5

166.3 ± 6 cm

48.7 ± 3.2

Yes

6.4 ± 1.9 years

National

4