Table 2 Data extraction of the included studies

MA. Feger et al. 2016 [27]

Descriptive laboratory

Single

Novel device

Pressure, COP, muscle activity

10 CAI

21.5 (3.1)

3 Male, 7 Female

166.0 (6.3)

65.6 (10.4)

Walking

Pedar-x plantar pressure system (Novel Inc., St Paul MN, USA) with in-shoe insoles

DM. Torp. 2021 [6]

Crossover

Single

Auditory and visual

COP, pressure

19 physically active adults with CAI (7 male, 12 female

23.95 ± 5.52 years

7 male, 12 female

168.87 ± 6.94 cm

74.74 ± 15.41 kg

Single-limb static balance, step downs, lateral hops, and forward lunges

AccuSway Optimized force platform (Advanced Medical Technology, Inc), pedar-x, laser, FlexiForce Load Sensor (Tekscan, Inc., South Boston, MA). FlexiForce Quickstart Board, potentiometer (Tekscan, Inc), buzzer

L. Donovan et al. 2016 [17]

Descriptive laboratory

Single

Auditory

Peak pressure, pressure time integral, contact area and time, muscle activity

10 CAI

21.5(3.1)

3 male, 7 female

166(6.3)

65.6(10.4)

Walking

Pedar x, standard athletic shoe, force sensitive resistor, piezobuzzer,trimpot, electromyography

DM. Torp 2019 [15]

Descriptive laboratory

single

Visual

Plantar pressure, COP

26 CAI

18–40(20.9 ± 2.4)

11 male, 15 female

170.2 ± 10.2

78.4 ± 22.1

Walking

Pedar-X two pressure insoles connected to a wireless transmitter, standard, neutral athletic shoe,laser

AM. Ifarraguerri 2019 [16]

Descriptive laboratory

single

Visual real-video

Medial forefoot peak pressure, plantar pressure,

26 CAI

20.9 ± 2.4

11 male, 15 female

170.2 ± 10.2

78.4 ± 22.1

Walking

Pedar-x, TV, camera, shoe

KG. Migel (kinematic) 2021 [29]

Repeated measure

Single

Vibration

3 dimensional joint kinematics during initial con- tact and loading response.

19 CAI

22.58 ± 4.18

10 male, 9 female

170 ± 10.63

72.06 ± 14.78

Walking

Custom made vibration feedback tool, small force sensing resistor (FSR) (Model 402, Interlink Electronics, Inc., Camarillo, CA, USA)

DC. Mueler. 2020 [25]

Correlation

Lab-real world

Vibration

COP location, 3 dimensional ankle joint motion

7 CAI

23.28 ± 3.49

170.49 ± 10.02

73.26 ± 11.59

Walking

150 Hz Qualisys 8 camera motion analysis system, Qualisys Tracking Manager software. Force plates treadmill 1500 Hz., FSR

KG. Migel 2021 [28]

Repeated measure, randomized crossover trial)

Lab-real world

Vibration

COP location

19 CAI

22.58 ± 4.18

10 male, 9 female

170 ± 10.63

72.06 ± 14.78

Walking

Two force plate treadmill, FSR

JL. Workman. 2021 [26]

Repeated M

Lab-real world

Vibration

Loading rate, COP location

19 CAI

18–45

Walking

Forceplate treadmill, vibfb tool, FSR

J. Jang et al. 2021 [30]

Descriptive laboratory

Single

vibration

vGRF joint contact force

10 CAI

23.20 ± 4.19

168.69 ± 12.00

68.54 ± 12.03

Walking

Force plate treadmill, FSR

RM. Koldenhoven. 2021 [14]

Single-blinded randomized controlled trial

8 sessions of impairment-based rehabilitation.2 week.retention in 10 minutes

Visual

3 dimensional kinematics at the ankle, knee, and hip, electromyography amplitudes of 4 lower extremity muscles

27 CAI (14 No biofeedback (control), 13 (experimental).

Walking

Dynamometer, 12 MOTION CAPTURE cameraS (VICON), EMG, lab shoes, pressure mat (MatScan TMPressure Mat, Tekscan Inc., Boston, MA, USA)

MA. Feger et al. 2018 [31]

Quasi-experimental

5 session in 5 to 10 days

Novel device

Plantar pressure, muscle activity

16 CAI

20 ± 2.6

6 male, 10 female

171.3 ± 10.8

68.3 ± 15.9

Walking

Plantar pressure treadmil, Pedar-x plantar pressure system (Novel Inc., St Paul MN), electromyography

DM. Torp. 2022 [3]

Single-blind randomized controlled trial

8-sessions of 30-minute in 2 weeks retain 1 week

Auditory

Pressure, force, COP,

18 CAI randomly Control (n = 7) or experimental (n = 11)

22.25 ± 3.33(control), 22.33 ± 2.50

2 male, 5 female (control), 4 male, 7 female (biofeedback)

168.93 ± 14.03(control),166.92 ± 8.99 (biofeedback)

80.48 ± 21.08c,74.20 ± 11.56

Walking

Thin (14 × 25.4 × 0.203 mm) FlexiForce Load Sensor, potentiometer, buzzer