Table 3 Results and practical applications for training

Augustsson & Andersson, 2023

Nordic hamstring curl (eccentric only and eccentric-concentric). Peak force at the ankle, peak force about the knee joint and forward distance achieved.

Peak force at the ankle, peak force about the knee joint and forward distance achieved.

The eccentric-concentric variation involves movement at shorter hamstrings length, and it may be more well tolerated by an athlete during hamstring injury rehabilitation and a less strenuous alternative for a novice athlete.

Schmidt et al., 2023

Double-leg drop vertical landing (DLL), single-leg drop landing (SLL), and an unanticipated side-cutting task.

Knee flexion angle, internal rotation angle, knee abduction angle, and vertical ground reaction force

Both devices were useful in capturing variables that might have influence in detecting biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury risk. However, the use of a three-dimensional motion capture system might be unrealistic in most youth clubs settings.

Taylor et al., 2022

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Jump count, average jump height, maximum jump height, and jump load

Those athletes who were injured performed significantly fewer jumps per athletic exposure and had larger variation in external training loads before their injury.

Kupperman et al., 2021

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Total distance and Player Load

Coaches could use this information to assess each player by their position on the field. Furthermore, each different drill had distinct physical demands. Defenders had the highest overall demand during practices. Across all positions, simulated game-play data imposed the highest load on athletes, while tactical skills drills had higher Player Load intensity. Practitioners can use these results during the pre-season period to prescribe training loads individualized to each drill and playing position.

Kupperman et al., 2021

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Player Load, changes of direction, accelerations, decelerations, repeated high-intensity efforts, and jumps.

Player Load and changes of direction can reflect better the activity in all positions in volleyball. These accelerometers can, therefore, be a valuable addition to a volleyball team setting as they can measure different variables that can evaluate the positional differences among players.

Li et al., 2020

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions

Player Load

A greater proportion of injuries are associated with higher levels of acute chronic workload ratio over 1.6. During the in-season, injury was associated with overall lower training workloads in the week prior to injury. These findings suggest that the use of GPS and accelerometers in professional American football can be useful to evaluate the training loads of these athletes.

Sinsurin et al., 2020

Jump landings in multiple directions

Angular velocity, flexion excursion, and vertical ground reaction force

The protocol may be useful in detecting knee coordination levels in female volleyball athletes that are at higher risk of knee injury.

Sanders et al., 2020

Variables were collected during games

Player Load, accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction

The results highlight the importance to monitor and potentially train for maximal workloads to fully prepare athletes for the rigors of competition. The results also support the specific training load prescriptions based on player positions. Practitioners can use this data during the rehabilitation process to meet the requirements of the game. Finally, athletes reported no issues of wearing the device during the games.

Greig et al., 2019

Anterior hop, inversion hop, eversion hop, diagonal hop, and diagonal hurdle hop

Player Load

This study advocates a placement closer to the anatomical rehabilitation site of interest. The triaxial accelerometery (embedded within GPS technology) showed promising results in assessing Player Load in different hop tests in athletes.

Murray et al., 2019

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Stride variability and Player Load

This study has shown that stride variability is associated with fatigue and 7-day training load. This study highlighted that is possible to identify individual athletes who have an elevated period of load compared to their normal training load even when there is data missing. This can be accomplished through the accelerometer data of stride variability. This can be useful for coaches working with team sport athletes during long periods, as they can establish baseline values to then assess their athletes’ injury risk.

Rossi et al., 2018

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Distance covered, accelerations, decelerations, and impacts.

Practitioners should take particular care of the first training sessions of players who come back to regular training after a previous injury, as in these conditions they are more likely to get injured again. In these first days and in the days long after the players return to regular physical activity, the club should control kinematic workloads

Stiles et al., 2018

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions

Average acceleration and minutes above 400 milligravitational units

The use of a wrist accelerometer removes the reliance on the creation of a subjective training log, reduces participant burden, avoids bias, and facilitates the accurate monitoring of runners training behaviour. There was a high monitor wear compliance which shows that this device is useful in reporting metrics associated with training loads in runners which might give valuable insights for coaches.

Rostami et al., 2018

Stick landing and step back landing

Ground reaction force, rate of loading, and dynamic postural stability index

This study showed that a force plate system might be useful to measure kinetic variables that have influence in reducing the risk of ACL injuries in female volleyball athletes. Coaches can use these methods during a return-to-play scenario or to assess which athletes are at higher risk of sustaining an injury.

Garrett et al., 2018

Countermovement jump and submaximal run

Jump height and Player Load

The results show selected outcome triaxial accelerometer variables of a submaximal run can be used to assess neuromuscular fatigue in Australian football athletes. The ability to be administered as part of the warm-up or immediately postgame, to a large group of athletes can allow valuable information on recovery status and injury risk.

Carey et al., 2017

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Player Load, distance, and moderate and high speed running

Hamstring injury models showed potential for better performance than general non-contact injury models. This study showed that Australian football athletes’ might benefit from using a GPS and a triaxial accelerometer daily.

Liu et al., 2016

Forward hop and lateral hop

Time to stabilisation

This study was able to distinguish among healthy and unstable ankles of collegiate athletes. This shows that a force plate might be a useful device for coaches that work with athletes that are at higher risk of sustaining ankle injuries.

Wilkerson et al., 2016

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Player Load

Both accumulated inertial load and low variability in average inertial load seem to be important indicators of elevated risk for injury among contact sport athletes. Data derived from these devices may ultimately prove to be exceptionally valuable for guidance of individualized performance enhancement, injury prevention, and injury rehabilitation program design in team sport contact athletes.

Ritchie et al., 2016

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Total distance, high-speed running, mean speed, and Player Load

This study showed that the concept of “train as you play” is highly impractical due to the high game demands and increased injury risk. Coaches can use GPS devices with Australian football to manage loads during the weeks to reduce the injury risk.

Colby et al., 2014

Variables were collected during the specific sport training sessions and games

Distance, sprint distance, velocity load, and relative velocity change

Derived running loads should be regularly monitored, as they may significantly relate to player injury risk. The specific loads identified in this study provide guidelines for the volumes that should be considered in Australian football for representing increases in injury risk. In a practical sense, load thresholds might then be determined for individual players, above which injury risk substantially increases. Implementing both GPS and accelerometer devices in a professional Australian football club setting may provide useful information regarding injury risks.

McLellan et al., 2011

Countermovement jump

Peak rate of force development, peak power, and peak force

The present study found that a return to modified strength training activities 48 h post-match may result in a compensatory increase in peak rate of force development and supports the early implementation of strength training methods to facilitate the short-term post-match recovery period. This study highlights the importance of having a force plate to measure force and power variables in team-sport setting to make informed decisions about injury and training specific programs.

Chappell & Limpisvasti, 2008

Drop jump and vertical stop jump

Peak vertical ground reaction force and time on force plate

The results from this study support the use of a force plate in female soccer and basketball players to reduce their injury risk. This device can be used during the pre-season and in-season phases.