Table 5 Studies on cases of death from respiratory diseases in swimming
From: Hypothesized mechanisms of death in swimming: a systematic review
Author | Year | Type of study | LOE | Findings | Critical evaluation/comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boyd | 2015 | Case Series (n = 4) | 4 | All of the 4 cases were caused by DUBBs, including intentional hyperventilation, static apnea, and hypoxic training | There may be some missed cases because of limited resources of surveillance data |
Diamond | 2011 | Case Report (n = 1) | 4 | Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has the potential for early onset and rapid progression in the setting of submersion | Evidence-based bypass algorithms for some acute medical conditions, such as resuscitated submersion victims, is not established |