Does video assistant referee technology change the magnitude and direction of home advantages and referee bias? A proof-of-concept study

Table 2 Comparison of home team’s data in the seasons before and after the introduction of VAR

Variables ^a	Descriptive statistics				Independent Samples t-test					TOST results for statistical equivalence H0: (d ≤ − 0.20 U d ≥ 0.20) vs. H1: (-0.20 < d < 0.20)
	NO VAR (n: 918)		VAR (n: 920)		Independent Samples t-test
	M	SD	M	SD	t	p	ES	BF₀₁ (H0/H1) ^b		Lower bound	Upper bound	Statistical equivalence
Points	1.65	1.33	1.63	1.31	0.47	0.641	0.02	17.13	Strong	t = -2.79^**	t = 3.72 ^***	X
Goals	1.58	1.30	1.58	1.28	0.02	0.983	0.00	19.07	Strong	t = -3.31^***	t = 3.35 ^***	X
Fouls	15.64	4.24	13.36	3.81	12.10	< 0.001	0.56	0.00	-	t = 11.03 ^ns	t = 13.16 ^***
Yellow cards	2.18	1.36	2.11	1.37	1.07	0.286	0.05	10.86	Strong	t = -2.08^*	t = 4.21 ^***	X
Red cards	0.12	0.34	0.12	0.36	0.02	0.987	0.00	19.07	Strong	t = -12.21^***	t = 12.24 ^***	X
Offsides	2.09	1.61	1.99	1.62	1.37	0.170	0.06	7.51	Substantial	t = -1.28 ^ns	t = 4.02 ^***
Penalties	0.20	0.44	0.23	0.49	-1.28	0.199	-0.06	8.41	Substantial	t = -10.52^***	t = 7.95 ^***	X

ISSN: 2052-1847