Does video assistant referee technology change the magnitude and direction of home advantages and referee bias? A proof-of-concept study

Table 3 Comparison of away team’s data in the seasons before and after the introduction of VAR

Variables ^a	Descriptive statistics				Independent Samples t-test					TOST results for statistical equivalence H0: (d ≤ − 0.20 U d ≥ 0.20) vs. H1: (-0.20 < d < 0.20)
	NO VAR (n: 918)		VAR (n: 920)		Independent Samples t-test
	M	SD	M	SD	t	p	ES	BF₀₁ (H0/H1) ^b		Lower bound	Upper bound	Statistical equivalence
Points	1.11	1.28	1.11	1.25	0.08	0.938	0.00	19.02	Strong	t = -3.31^***	t = 3.47 ^***	X
Goals	1.21	1.17	1.19	1.12	0.42	0.678	0.02	17.51	Strong	t = -3.33^***	t = 4.16 ^***	X
Fouls	15.63	4.41	12.80	3.75	14.82	< 0.001	0.69	0.00	-	t = 13.77 ^ns	t = 15.87 ^***
Yellow cards	2.35	1.40	2.25	1.39	1.53	0.125	0.07	5.95	Substantial	t = -1.54 ^ns	t = 4.61 ^***
Red cards	0.15	0.42	0.15	0.039	0.13	0.895	0.01	18.91	Strong	t = -10.44^***	t = 10.71 ^***	X
Offsides	1.92	1.67	1.86	1.52	0.81	0.415	0.04	13.72	Strong	t = -1.87^*	t = 3.50 ^***	X
Penalties	0.14	0.36	0.17	0.40	-1.45	0.147	-0.07	6.73	Substantial	t = -12.69^***	t = 9.79 ^***	X

ISSN: 2052-1847