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Table 3 Changes in metabolites that were statistically significant during period 1 and period 2

From: A 6-month exercise intervention clinical trial in women: effects of physical activity on multi-omics biomarkers and health during the first wave of COVID-19 in Korea

Class

Period 1

p-value1

FDR-p

Period 2

p-value1

FDR-p

Biogenic amines

Acetyl-ornithine

0.0081

0.0381

   
 

Creatinine ↓

0.0215

0.0663

Creatinine ↑

0.0046

0.0732

 

Putrescine ↑

0.0398

0.0991

   
 

Serotonin

0.0005

0.0058

Serotonin

0.0005

0.0347

 

Taurine

0.0105

0.0436

Taurine ↓

0.0024

0.0693

 

Total dimethyl-arginine

0.0105

0.0436

Total dimethyl-arginine ↑

0.0061

0.0788

Amino acids

   

Arginine ↑

0.0479

0.1836

 

Aspartate

0.0025

0.0209

Aspartate

0.0005

0.0347

 

Glutamine

0.0005

0.0058

Glutamine ↑

0.0134

0.1059

 

Glutamate

0.0118

0.0467

Glutamate ↓

0.0105

0.0877

 

Glycine ↓

0.0479

0.1152

   
 

Histidine ↓

0.0398

0.0991

Histidine ↑

0.0061

0.0788

 

Ornithine

0.0002

0.0058

 

0.0024

0.0693

 

Phenylalanine

0.0061

0.0319

Phenylalanine ↑

0.0266

0.1571

    

Proline ↑

0.0175

0.1240

 

Tryptophan

0.0046

0.0286

Tryptophan ↑

0.0024

0.0693

Monosaccharides

Hexose ↓

0.0327

0.0893

   

Acylcarnitines

   

C0 ↑

0.0012

0.0578

 

C16

0.0012

0.0133

   
 

C18:2 ↓

0.0215

0.0663

   

Glycerophospholipids

lysoPC a C16:0

0.0017

0.0173

   

(Phophatidylcholines)

lysoPC a C16:1 ↓

0.0215

0.0663

   
 

lysoPC a C18:0 ↓

0.0266

0.0771

   
 

lysoPC a C18:1

0.0034

0.0221

   
 

lysoPC a C18:2

0.0134

0.0489

   
 

lysoPC a C20:4

0.0002

0.0058

lysoPC a C20:4 ↑

0.0327

0.1682

    

PC aa C28:1 ↑

0.0046

0.0732

 

PC aa C32:0

0.0079

0.0381

   
    

PC aa C32:3 ↑

0.0266

0.1571

 

PC aa C34:2

0.0024

0.0209

   
 

PC aa C36:2 ↓

0.0266

0.0771

   
 

PC aa C36:4

0.0005

0.0058

PC aa C36:4 ↑

0.0191

0.1295

    

PC aa C38:3 ↑

0.0171

0.1240

 

PC aa C38:4

0.0034

0.0221

PC aa C38:4 ↑

0.0081

0.0817

 

PC aa C38:6

0.0097

0.0430

   
    

PC aa C40:4 ↑

0.0360

0.1682

    

PC aa C40:5 ↑

0.0426

0.1682

 

PC ae C32:1

0.0134

0.0489

   
 

PC ae C34:1 ↓

0.0392

0.0991

   
 

PC ae C36:2 ↓

0.0327

0.0893

   
    

PC ae C38:3 ↑

0.0330

0.1682

 

PC ae C38:4

0.0005

0.0058

PC ae C38:4 ↑

0.0398

0.1682

 

PC ae C40:3 ↓

0.0398

0.0991

PC ae C40:3 ↑

0.0046

0.0732

 

PC ae C40:4

0.0134

0.0489

PC ae C40:4 ↑

0.0398

0.1682

 

PC ae C40:6 ↓

0.0398

0.0991

   
 

PC ae C42:3 ↓

0.0277

0.0786

   
 

PC ae C44:6 ↓

0.0211

0.0663

   

Sphingolipids

SM (OH) C14:1

0.0026

0.0209

SM (OH) C14:1 ↑

0.0277

0.1571

(Sphingomyelins)

SM (OH) C16:1

0.0061

0.0319

   
 

SM (OH) C22:1

0.0033

0.0221

SM (OH) C22:1 ↑

0.0215

0.1387

 

SM (OH) C22:2

0.0005

0.0058

SM (OH) C22:2 ↑

0.0081

0.0817

    

SM (OH) C24:1 ↑

0.0398

0.1682

 

SM C 16:0

0.0002

0.0058

SM C 16:0 ↑

0.0359

0.1682

 

SM C 16:1

0.0002

0.0058

SM C 16:1 ↑

0.0081

0.0817

 

SM C 18:0

0.0026

0.0209

SM C 18:0 ↑

0.0360

0.1682

 

SM C 18:1

0.0005

0.0058

   
 

SM C 20:2 ↓

0.0171

0.0607

   
 

SM C 24:0

0.0030

0.0221

SM C 24:0 ↑

0.0424

0.1682

 

SM C 24:1

0.0002

0.0058

   

Bile acids

Cholic acid

0.0108

0.0436

   
 

Chenodeoxycholic acid

0.0061

0.0319

   
 

Glycocholic acid ↓

0.0215

0.0663

   
 

Glycochenodeoxycholic acid ↓

0.0215

0.0663

   
 

Glycodeoxycholic acid

0.0086

0.0393

   
 

Glycolithocholic acid ↓

0.0440

0.1078

   
 

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid

0.0005

0.0058

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid ↑

0.0105

0.0877

 

Tauromuricholic acid

0.0051

0.0300

Tauromuricholic acid ↑

0.0408

0.1682

 

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid

0.0063

0.0319

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid ↑

0.0037

0.0732

 

Ursodeoxycholic acid↓

0.0254

0.0766

Ursodeoxycholic acid ↑

0.0105

0.0877

  1. Period 1: between “Time point 1” and “Time point 2”
  2. Period 2: between “Time point 2” and “Time point 3”
  3. ↑: the concentration of metabolites increased during the period
  4. ↓: the concentration of metabolites decreased during the period
  5. 1Wilcoxon signed rank test (p < 0.05)