Table 2 Sex differences or similarities in the physiological responses to CR completion
From: Sex differences in the physiological responses to cardiac rehabilitation: a systematic review
Physiological response | Greater improvement in men | Only men improved | Greater improvement in women | Only women improved | Both men and women improve | No improvement in either sex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fitness | ||||||
Maximal exercise VO2 (ml/kg/min) | Heald 2021, Keteyian 2003, Kodis 2001, Lee 2018, Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007, Nguyen 2021, Rengo 2020, Savage 2004, Shultz 2010, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (10 studies) | Kim 2019, Willenheimer 1998 (2 studies) | Â | Tyni-Lenne 1998 (1 study) | Ades 1992, Antunes-Correa 2010, Brochu 2000, MacMillan 2006, Piepoli 1998, Pina 2014, Temfemo 2011, Trachsel 2020, Vidal-Almela 2022, Vilela 2020, Wagner 2018 (10 studies) | Â |
Percent-predicted peak VO2 (%) | Mertens 1996 (1 study) | Kitagaki 2022 (1 study) | Â | Â | Trachsel 2020, Vilela 2020 (2 studies) | Â |
RER ratio | Â | Â | Rengo 2020 (1 study) | Â | Trachsel 2020, Vilela 2020 (2 studies) | Ades 1992 (1 study) |
Functional Capacity (METS) | Caulin-Glaser 2007, Chai 1999, Gee 2014, Ghashghaei 2012, Heald 2021, Kligfield 2003, Kodis 2001, Lavie 1995, Sadeghi 2012, Saeidi 2013, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Szmigielska 2022, Wise 2012 (13 studies) | Safdar 2022, Willenheimer 1998 (2 studies) | Â | Â | Anjo 2014, Balady 1996, Branco 2016, Cannistra 1992, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, MacMillan 2006, Pischke 2006, Rejeski 2002, Brawner 2022, Calvo-Lopez 2023 (10 studies) | Â |
6MWD (m) | Araya-Ramirez 2021, Bellet 2015 Candelaria 2020, Gupta 2007, Tyni-Lenne 1998, Verrill 2003 (6 studies) | Â | Wagner 2018, Wise 2012 (2 studies) | Â | Fiorina 2007, Freene 2018, Kim 2019 Rejeski 2002 (4 studies) | Â |
Peak workload/LBM (W/kg) | Kodis 2001 (1 study) | Â | Â | Â | Szmigielska 2022, Trachsel 2020, Tyni-Lenne 1998 (3 studies) | Â |
HR at rest (bpm) | ElMissiri 2020, O’Farrell 2000, Saeidi 2013 (3 studies) | Anjo 2014, Szmigielska 2022 (2 studies) | Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2017 (1 study) |  | Cheragi 2021, Goldhammer 2007, Pischke 2006,, Soleimani- Nejatian 2009, Swank 2010, Temfemo 2011, Terada 2019 (7 studies) | Ades 1992, Antunes-Correa 2010, Araya-Ramirez 2021, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, Lavie 1995, MacMillan 2006, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Tyni-Lenne 1998, Wahlstrom 2023 (9 studies) |
Maximal HR (bpm) | Â | Â | Â | Keteyian 2003, Lavie 1995 (2 studies) | Cheragi 2021, Goldhammer 2007, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, MacMillan 2006, Soleimani-Netajian 2009, Temfemo 2011 (6 studies) | Ades 1992 (1 study) |
Difference in HRR (bpm) | Kligfield 2003 (1 study) | Â | Â | Â | Anjo 2014, Araya-Ramirez 2021, MacMillan 2006, Soleimani-Nejatian 2009 (4 studies) | Â |
Resting rate pressure product (beats/min x mmHg) | Â | Stojanovic 2023 (1 study) | Â | Â | Szmigielska 2022 (1 study) | Ades 1992 (1 study) |
Peak rate pressure product (beats/min x mm Hg) | Cannistra 1992 (1 study) | Szmigielska 2022 (1 study) | Â | Â | Cheragi 2021, Stojanovic 2023, Swank 2010 (3 studies) | Ades 1992, Lavie 1995 (2 studies) |
Exercise time (s) | Â | Â | Wagner 2018 (1 study) | Safdar 2022 (1 study) | Ades 1992, Balady 1996, Cannistra 1992, Goldhammer 2007, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, Ocallaghan 1984, Stojanovic 2023, Vilela 2020 (8 studies) | Â |
Absolute energy expenditure (kcal/wk) |  |  |  |  | O’Farrell 2000, Schultz 2010, Soleimani 2009 (3 studies) |  |
Grip strength (kg) | Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007, Rengo 2020 (2 studies) | Kim 2019, Safdar 2022 (2 studies) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sit to stand (number) | Wagner 2018 (1 study) | Kim 2019 (1 study) | Â | Â | Calvo-Lopez 2023 (1 study) | Â |
Metabolic Measures | ||||||
HDL (mg/dl) | Weinberger 2014 (1 study) | Gupta 2007, Sadeghi 2012 (2 studies) | Casey 2009, Heald 2021, Savage 2004, Terada 2019 (4 studies) | Warner 1995 (1 study) | Anjo 2014, Brochu 2000, Caulin-Glaser 2007, Ghashghaei 2012, Kim 2019, Kitagaki 2022, Lavie 1995, Mittag 2006, O’Farrell 2000, Pischke 2006, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Shultz 2010, Vidal-Almela 2022 (13 studies) | Goldhammer 2007, Szmigielska 2022, Thorin-Trescases 2016, Turk-Adawi 2016 (4 studies) |
Total cholesterol: HDL ratio |  |  |  |  | O’Farrell 2000, Vidal-Almela 2022, Warner 1995 (3 studies) | Brochu 2000, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (2 studies) |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | Casey 2009, ElMissiri 2020, Ghashghaei 2012, Jafri 2023 (4 studies) |  |  |  | Anjo 2014, Brochu 2000, Gupta 2007, Kim 2019, Lavie 1995, McConnell 1997, Mittag 2006, O’Farrell 2000, Pischke 2006, Sadeghi 2012, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Savage 2004, Turk-Adawi 2016, Warner 1995 (14 studies) | Goldhammer 2007, Heald 2021, Szmigielska 2022, Thorin-Trescases 2016, Vidal-Almela 2022 (5 studies) |
LDL (mg/dl) | Jafri 2023, Proenca 2023 (2 studies) |  |  |  | Anjo 2014, Casey 2009, Caulin-Glaser 2007, ElMissiri 2020, Ghashghaei 2012, Goldhammer 2007, Gupta 2007, Kitagaki 2022, O’Farrell 2000, Pischke 2006, Sadeghi 2012, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Savage 2004,Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016, Turk-Adawi 2016, Vidal-Almela 2022, Warner 1995 (18 studies) | Brochu 2000, Heald 2021, Kim 2019, Shultz 2010, Szmigielska 2022 (5 studies) |
LDL-C/HDL-C |  |  |  |  | Ghashghaei 2012, Lavie 1995, O’Farrell 2000 (3 studies) |  |
TGs (mg/dl) | ElMissiri 2020, Jafri 2023, Turk-Adawi 2016 (3 studies) | Szmigielska 2022 (1 study) |  |  | Anjo 2014, Casey 2009, Lavie 1995, McConnell 1997, Pischke 2006, Sadeghi 2012, Sarrafzadegan 2008 Savage 2004, Shultz 2010, Terada 2019, Turk-Adawi 2016, Vidal-Almela 2022, Warner 1995 (13 studies) | Brochu 2000, Caulin-Glaser 2007, Goldhammer 2007, Heald 2021, Kim 2001, Kitagaki 2022, O’Farrell 2000, Thorin-Trescases 2016, (8 studies) |
SBP (mmHg) | Mittag 2006 (1 study) |  | O’Farrell 2000, Turk-Adawi 2016 (2 studies) | Wahlstrom 2023 (1 study) | Araya-Ramirez 2021, Casey 2009, Cheragi 2021, Jafri 2023, Pischke 2006, Quindry 2022, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Shultz 2010, Swank 2010, Szmigielska 2022, Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (12 studies) | Ades 1992, Calvo-Lopez 2023, Heald 2021, Kim 2019, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, Lavie 1995, Terada 2019, Trachsel 2020, Vidal-Almela 2022 (9 studies) |
DBP (mmHg) |  |  | ElMissiri 2020, Trachsel 2020 (2 studies) |  | Araya-Ramirez 2021, Casey 2009, Cheragi 2021, Pischke 2006, Quindry 2022, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Szmigielska 2022, Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016, Wahlstrom 2023 (10 studies) | Calvo-Lopez 2023, Heald 2021, Kim 2019, Korzeniowska-Kubacka 2015, O’Farrell 2000, Shultz 2010, Swank 2010, Terada 2019, Turk-Adawi 2016, Vidal-Almela 2022 (10 studies) |
Glucose (mg/dl) |  | Ghashghaei 2012, Szmigielska 2022 (2 studies) | Anjo 2014, (1 study) |  | Sarrafzadegan 2008, Shultz 2010, Terada 2019, Vidal-Almela 2022 (4 studies) | Brochu 2000, Goldhammer 2007, O’Farrell 2000, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (4 studies) |
Changes in Glycated hemoglobin A1C (%) | Jafri 2023 (1 study) | Â | Â | Â | Anjo 2014, Terada 2019, Turk-Adawi 2016 (3 studies) | Kitagaki 2022, Vidal-Almela 2022 (2 studies) |
Body Composition | ||||||
Weight (kg) | Ghashghaei 2012, Terada-Chirico 2019 (2 studies) | Â | Â | Â | Casey 2009, McConnell 1997, Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007, Pischke 2006, Rengo 2020, Savage 2004, Socha 2017, Temfemo 2011, Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (13 studies) | Araya-Ramirez 2021, Brochu 2000, Jafri 2023, Shultz 2010, Vidal-Almela 2022, (5 studies) |
Waist Circumference (cm) | Brochu 2000 (1 study) | Â | Braga 2021 (1 study) | Â | Casey 2009, ElMissiri 2020, Heald 2021, Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007, Rengo 2020, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Savage 2004, Shultz 2010, Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016, Vidal-Almela 2022 (11 studies) | Kim 2019, Szmigielska 2022, Turk-Adawi 2016 (3 studies) |
BMI (kg/m2) |  | Heald 2021, Szmigielska 2022 (2 studies) | Sarrafzadegan 2008 (1 study) |  | Anjo 2014, Brochu 2000, Casey 2009, Caulin-Glaser 2007, ElMissiri 2020, Gupta 2007, Jafri 2023, Lavie 1995, Mroszczyk-McDonald 2007, Rengo 2020, Savage 2004, Socha 2017, Terada 2019, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (14 studies) | Araya-Ramirez 2021, O’Farrell 2000, Shultz 2010, Turk-Adawi 2016 (4 studies) |
Body fat (%) | Brochu 2000 (1 study) | Â | Â | Â | Lavie 1995, McConnell 1997, Pischke 2006, Socha 2017, Thorin-Trescases 2016 (5 studies) | Kim 2019 (1 study) |
Total fat mass (%) | Brochu 2000 (1 study) | Â | Â | Â | Thorin-Trescases 2016 (1 study) | Safdar 2022 (1 study) |
Cardiac Measures | ||||||
LVEF (%) | Â | Zahedi 2023 (1 study) | Â | Â | ElMissiri 2020, Saeidi 2013, Sarrafzadegan 2008, Szmigielska 2022, Zahedi 2023 (5 studies) | Antunes-Correa 2010, Goldhammer 2007, Trachsel 2020 (3 studies) |
Protein Measures | ||||||
CRP (mg/L) | Â | Thorin-Trescases 2016 (1 study) | Â | Â | Caulin-Glaser 2005, Goldhammer 2007, Sheikhian 2018 (3 studies) | Â |