| Female athletes (n = 27) |  | Male athletes (n = 26) |  | All athletes (n = 53) | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Endurance (n = 12) |  | Power (n = 15) |  | Endurance (n = 9) |  | Power (n = 17) |  | Females (n = 27) |  | Males (n = 26) | ||||||||||||
 | Off-season | In-season | Change |  | Off-season | In-season | Change |  | Off-season | In-season | Change |  | Off-season | In-season | Change |  | Off-season | In-season | Change |  | Off-season | In-season | Change |
Age (yrs) | 23.0 ± 3.8 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 22.4 ± 2.8 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 20.9 ± 1.8 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 22.3 ± 2.3 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 22.6 ± 3.3 | - | ˗ |  | 21.8 ± 2.2 | - | ˗ |
Height (m) | 1.7 ± 6.2 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 1.71 ± 2.7 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 1.84 ± 5.4 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 1.84 ± 5.3 | ˗ | ˗ |  | 1.71 ± 4.4 | - | ˗ |  | 1.84 ± 5.0 | - | ˗ |
BM (kg) | 56.6 ± 5.6†| 55.8 ± 5.4 | -0.8 ± 1.3 |  | 64.2 ± 5.8 | 64.3 ± 5.5 | 0.1 ± 2.1 |  | 69.3 ± 7.1 | 70.1 ± 6.4 | 0.8 ± 1.6 |  | 75.3 ± 5.2 | 76.8 ± 5.1 | 1.4 ± 1.7* |  | 60.8 ± 6.8†| 60.5 ± 6.8 | -0.3 ± 1.8‡ |  | 73.2 ± 6.5 | 74.5 ± 6.3 | 1.2 ± 1.7* |
FFMI (kg/m2) | 16.2 ± 0.9†| 16.3 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |  | 17.4 ± 1.2 | 17.7 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3* |  | 18.1 ± 1.1†| 18.4 ± 0.8 | 0.3 ± 0.3* |  | 19.5 ± 1.4 | 20.0 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4* |  | 16.9 ± 1.2†| 17.1 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |  | 19.0 ± 1.5 | 19.4 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 0.4* |
FMI (kg/m2) | 3.3 ± 1†| 3.2 ± 0.8 | -0.1 ± 0.5 |  | 4.2 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 0.7 | -0.2 ± 0.5 |  | 2.4 ± 0.4†| 2.3 ± 0.4 | -0.1 ± 0.3 |  | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |  | 3.8 ± 1.1†| 3.7 ± 0.9 | -0.1 ± 0.5 |  | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |
LM (kg) | 44.3 ± 3.7†| 44.6 ± 3.8 | 0.2 ± 0.9 |  | 48.8 ± 3.9 | 49.4 ± 4.0 | 0.6 ± 0.9* |  | 58.2 ± 5.7 | 59.3 ± 4.9 | 1.1 ± 1.0* |  | 62.4 ± 4.8 | 63.8 ± 4.9 | 1.4 ± 1.5* |  | 46.8 ± 4.4†| 47.2 ± 4.5 | 0.4 ± 0.9‡ |  | 60.9 ± 5.4 | 62.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3* |
FM (kg) | 9.6 ± 3.3†| 9.2 ± 2.6 | -0.3 ± 1.4 |  | 12.5 ± 2.9 | 12.0 ± 2.1 | -0.5 ± 1.5 |  | 8.1 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 1.8 | -0.2 ± 1.1 |  | 9.4 ± 1.1 | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 0.1 ± 0.9 |  | 11.2 ± 3.4†| 10.8 ± 2.7 | -0.4 ± 1.4 |  | 8.9 ± 1.5 | 8.9 ± 1.6 | 0.0 ± 1.0 |
FM (%) | 16.7 ± 4.6 | 16.4 ± 3.6 | -0.3 ± 2.2 |  | 19.3 ± 3.3 | 18.5 ± 2.5 | -0.8 ± 1.6 |  | 11.6 ± 2.1 | 11.1 ± 2.1 | -0.5 ± 1.5 |  | 12.5 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 1.6 | -0.1 ± 1.1 |  | 18.1 ± 4.1†| 17.6 ± 3.2 | -0.5 ± 1.9 |  | 12.2 ± 1.8 | 11.9 ± 1.8 | -0.2 ± 1.3 |
BMC (g) | 2539 ± 270†| 2546 ± 273 | 7 ± 20 |  | 2931 ± 250 | 2953 ± 260 | 22 ± 29* |  | 3158 ± 373†| 3165 ± 376 | 7 ± 33 |  | 3588 ± 350 | 3612 ± 344 | 24 ± 38* |  | 2757 ± 322†| 2772 ± 332 | 16 ± 26* |  | 3440 ± 408 | 3457 ± 410 | 18 ± 37 |
BMD (g/cm2) | 1.26 ± 0.08†| 1.28 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.04 |  | 1.38 ± 0.08 | 1.41 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.03* |  | 1.29 ± 0.09†| 1.32 ± 0.09 | 0.03 ± 0.04 |  | 1.45 ± 0.09 | 1.48 ± 0.09 | 0.04 ± 0.03* |  | 1.32 ± 0.09†| 1.35 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.04* |  | 1.39 ± 0.12 | 1.42 ± 0.12 | 0.03 ± 0.03* |
BMD Z-score | 2.07 ± 0.75†| 2.42 ± 0.73 | 0.35 ± 0.35* |  | 3.1 ± 1.06†| 3.54 ± 1.27 | 0.44 ± 0.46* |  | 0.86 ± 0.69†| 1.31 ± 0.90 | 0.46 ± 0.49* |  | 2.35 ± 0.83†| 2.79 ± 0.92 | 0.44 ± 0.28* |  | 1.83 ± 1.06†| 2.28 ± 1.15 | 0.45 ± 0.35* |  | 2.62 ± 1.05†| 3.02 ± 1.18 | 0.40 ± 0.41* |
Regions | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Trunk LM (kg) | 21.8 ± 1.6 | 21.8 ± 1.6 | 0.0 ± 0.6 |  | 23.1 ± 1.8 | 23.4 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 0.6 |  | 27.5 ± 2.9 | 28.6 ± 2.4 | 1.1 ± 0.8* |  | 29.3 ± 2.1 | 29.9 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 0.8* |  | 22.6 ± 1.8†| 22.7 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.6‡ |  | 28.7 ± 2.5 | 29.5 ± 2.5 | 0.8 ± 0.8* |
Trunk FM (kg) | 4.0 ± 1.5†| 4.0 ± 1.2 | -0.3 ± 0.8 |  | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | -0.4 ± 0.8 |  | 2.7 ± 0.8†| 2.7 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.9 |  | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.6 |  | 4.4 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.2 | -0.4 ± 0.8 |  | 3.9 ± 0.9 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 0.0 ± 0.7 |
Trunk BMC (g) | 698 ± 105†| 691 ± 100 | -8 ± 17 |  | 879 ± 98 | 887 ± 96 | 9 ± 16 |  | 862 ± 131†| 864 ± 133 | 2 ± 27 |  | 1083 ± 113 | 1084 ± 108 | 0 ± 29 |  | 798 ± 135†| 780 ± 138 | 1 ± 18 |  | 1007 ± 158 | 1008 ± 156 | 1 ± 28 |
Arms LM (kg) | 4.3 ± 0.5†| 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.2 |  | 5.2 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |  | 6.7 ± 0.8†| 6.6 ± 0.7 | -0.1 ± 0.2 |  | 7.5 ± 0.8 | 7.7 ± 0.8 | 0.2 ± 0.3* |  | 4.8 ± 0.8†| 4.9 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |  | 7.2 ± 0.9 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Arms FM (kg) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.2 |  | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0 ± 0.2 |  | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0 ± 0.1 |  | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1* |  | 1.3 ± 0.4†| 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.0 ± 0.2 |  | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 |
Arms BMC (g) | 309 ± 36†| 308 ± 37 | -1 ± 6 |  | 366 ± 53 | 367 ± 55 | 1 ± 5 |  | 428 ± 56†| 423 ± 55 | -5 ± 14 |  | 484 ± 62 | 495 ± 61 | 11 ± 17* |  | 341 ± 54†| 341 ± 56 | 0 ± 5 |  | 464 ± 65 | 470 ± 67 | 5 ± 18 |
Legs LM (kg) | 15.4 ± 1.7†| 15.6 ± 1.8 | 0.2 ± 0.5 |  | 17.4 ± 1.9 | 17.7 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5* |  | 20.6 ± 2.1 | 20.7 ± 1.9 | 0.1 ± 0.4 |  | 22.2 ± 2.3 | 22.8 ± 1.9 | 0.6 ± 0.8* |  | 16.5 ± 2.1†| 16.8 ± 2.1 | 0.3 ± 0.5* |  | 21.7 ± 2.3 | 22.1 ± 2.1 | 0.4 ± 0.7* |
Legs FM (kg) | 4.0 ± 1.5†| 4.0 ± 1.2 | 0.0 ± 0.5 |  | 5.2 ± 1.1 | 5.2 ± 1.1 | -0.1 ± 0.6 |  | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 729 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.2 |  | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.3 |  | 4.7 ± 1.4†| 4.6 ± 1.3 | 0.0 ± 0.5 |  | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.3 |
Legs BMC (g) | 1019 ± 123†| 1031 ± 125 | 11 ± 9* |  | 1138 ± 96 | 1150 ± 105 | 12 ± 15* |  | 1321 ± 153†| 1333 ± 163 | 11 ± 17 |  | 1475 ± 150 | 1493 ± 152 | 17 ± 17* |  | 1085 ± 123†| 1097 ± 127 | 12 ± 12* |  | 1422 ± 166 | 1437 ± 171 | 15 ± 17* |