Table 1 Investigations reporting upon the free moment (FM) during running and walking.
From: The free moment in walking and its change with foot rotation angle
Author(s), year | Activity | Subjects | FM Normalization | Peak FM (± SD) †|
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nigg et al, 1982 [34] ‡ | Walking (w) & Running (r) | 16, unilateral ACL insufficiency | None | (w) Injured limb 12.9 Nm (w) Normal limb 11.5 Nm (r) Injured Limb 15.9 Nm (r) Normal Limb 17.5 Nm |
Nigg, 1986 [7] § | Running (3.5 ms-1) | 1, rear foot striker. | None | Range across different footwear conditions5-7 Nm |
Holden & Cavanagh, 1991 [8] £ | Running (4.5 ± 10% ms-1) | 10, male, 'normal foot arches'. | BW × ht | 'Varus' shoes 6.7 ± 1.6 × 10-3 'Neutral' shoes 9.7 ± 1.6 × 10-3 'Valgus' shoes 12.4 ± 1.6 × 10-3 |
Milner et al, 2006 [9] | Running (3.7 ± 5% ms-1) | Control Group: 25, mixed, healthy. Experimental Group: 25, female, history of tibial stress fractures. | BW × ht | 5.9 ± 2.1 × 10-3 9.3 ± 4.3 × 10-3 |
Creaby & Dixon, 2008 [33] | Running (3.6 ± 5% ms-1) | Control Group: 20 military recruits, no lower extremity injuries. Experimental Group: 10 military recruits, sustained tibial stress fracture. | BW × ht | 9.3 ± 3.2 × 10-3 9.5 ± 2.1 × 10-3 |
Li et al, 2001 [13] § | Walking ('low', 'comfortable', 'fast') | 17 total (5 adult males, 6 adult females, 6 children). | BW | Range across speed conditions, adults only 2.5 - 10.0 × 10-3 |
Umberger, 2008 [14] § | Walking (1.3 ms-1) | 5 male, 3 female, healthy. | BW × LL | Range 0.5-1.5 × 10-2 |