|
Foot rotation condition
|
---|
Variable
|
Internal§
|
Normal
|
External£
|
---|
Foot Rotation Angle (degrees)†
|
-9.1 ± 7.9
|
18.5 ± 8.15
|
40.2 ± 8.7
|
Walking Speed (ms-1)
|
1.08 ± 0.16
|
1.10 ± 0.12
|
1.12 ± 0.15
|
Un-normalized Peak FM (Nm)*
|
3.9 ± 1.0
|
3.4 ± 1.4
|
8.8 ± 6.4
|
PFM (dimensionless, × 10-3)
|
3.2 ± 0.9
|
2.8 ± 0.8
|
6.7 ± 4.1‡
|
OPFM (% stance)
|
69 ± 3
|
70 ± 9
|
77 ± 9
|
IMP (× 10-2)
|
7.5 ± 2.7
|
5.8 ± 3.2
|
11.0 ± 4.1‡
|
- PFM = normalized peak free moment, OPFM = occurrence of peak free moment, IMP = relative net impulse. All values presented as mean ± 1 SD.
- * Un-normalized peak FM presented for the sake of comparison with results of other investigations.
- † All foot rotation angles significantly different than each other (p < 0.016)
- ‡ Significantly different than normal walking condition (p < 0.05)
- § Effect size values for Norm vs. INT: PFM = 0.31, OPFM = -0.14, IMP = 0.39.
- £ Effect size values for Norm vs. Ext: PFM = 0.88, OPFM = 0.51, IMP = 0.92.