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Table 2 Foot rotation angle, walking speed and FM measures in each of the three foot rotation conditions.

From: The free moment in walking and its change with foot rotation angle

 

Foot rotation condition

Variable

Internal§

Normal

External£

Foot Rotation Angle (degrees)†

-9.1 ± 7.9

18.5 ± 8.15

40.2 ± 8.7

Walking Speed (ms-1)

1.08 ± 0.16

1.10 ± 0.12

1.12 ± 0.15

Un-normalized Peak FM (Nm)*

3.9 ± 1.0

3.4 ± 1.4

8.8 ± 6.4

PFM (dimensionless, × 10-3)

3.2 ± 0.9

2.8 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 4.1‡

OPFM (% stance)

69 ± 3

70 ± 9

77 ± 9

IMP (× 10-2)

7.5 ± 2.7

5.8 ± 3.2

11.0 ± 4.1‡

  1. PFM = normalized peak free moment, OPFM = occurrence of peak free moment, IMP = relative net impulse. All values presented as mean ± 1 SD.
  2. * Un-normalized peak FM presented for the sake of comparison with results of other investigations.
  3. † All foot rotation angles significantly different than each other (p < 0.016)
  4. ‡ Significantly different than normal walking condition (p < 0.05)
  5. § Effect size values for Norm vs. INT: PFM = 0.31, OPFM = -0.14, IMP = 0.39.
  6. £ Effect size values for Norm vs. Ext: PFM = 0.88, OPFM = 0.51, IMP = 0.92.
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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