Table 9 Characteristics of the included studies (continued)

McKeon et al, 2009 [35]

31 physically active individuals (12 males, 19 females)

Not specified

CAI balance group (n = 17) - training designed to challenge recovery of single limb balance 3 times per week × 4 weeks

CAI control group (n = 15) - no intervention

Kinematic measures of rearfoot inversion/eversion, shank rotation, and the coupling relationship of these two segments throughout the gait cycle were taken whilst walking and running

A significant decrease was noted in the shank/rearfoot coupling variabilty during walking as measured by the deviation phase within the balance training group, and between the balance training group and the control group at post-test

Shank/rearfoot coupling: 0.62; 95% CI (11.71-17.59)

Shank/rearfoot coupling: 0.59; 95% CI (11.42-17.89)

Han et al, 2009 [24]

40 subjects (20 males, 20 females)

Not specified

CAI exercise group (n = 10) - resisted "T-band kicks" 3 times per week × 4 weeks

CAI control group (n = 10) - no intervention

Healthy normals exercise group (n = 10) - exercise programme as per CAI exercise group

Healthy normals control group (n = 10) - no intervention

TDT of the COP in SLS at 4 and 8 weeks

Balance training significantly improved in subjects with and without a history of FAI. Furthermore, the exercise programme caused a significant improvement in balance for the FAI exercise group when compared to the FAI control group and the healthy normal group

Insufficient data

No mean ± SD data presented for calculation

Insufficient data

No mean ± SD data presented for calculation