Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions

Table 3 Summary of studies investigating sex differences in hip flexion angles and moments during a vertical landing task

References	Population		Landing Task		Result†
	Category	Mean Age (years)	Double-Leg vs. Single Leg	Height (cm)	at IC	peak	RoM
Hip Flexion Angle
Ford et al. [26]	Adolescent	12-16	Double	31	-	0	---
Salci et al. [40]	Adult-Athlete	21.4	Double	40 & 60	---	- (40) 0 (60)	---
Hughes & Watkins [29]	Adult-Athlete	21.4	Double	not specified^‡	0	+	+
Cortes et al. [21]	Adult	23.8	Double	30	0	0^a	---
Shultz et al. [12]	Adult	22.4	Double	45	0	---	+
Decker et al. [22]	Adult	27.5	Double	60	0	---	0
Kernozek et al. [32]	Adult	24.1	Double	60	0	0	0
Lephart et al. [34]	Adult-Athlete	20.3	Single	20	---	0	---
Orishimo et al. [36]	Adult-Athlete	26.3	Single	30	0	0^a	0
Schmitz et al. [41]	Adult	23.2	Single	30	0	---	-
Kernozek et al. [10]	Adult	23.4	Single	50	---	+	---
TOTAL*				% (-/+/0)	13/0/88	11/22/67	17/33/50
Hip Flexion Moment
Salci et al. [40]	Adult-Athlete	21.4	Double	40 & 60	---	0	---
Decker et al. [22]	Adult	27.5	Double	60	---	0	---
Kernozek et al. [32]	Adult	24.1	Double	60	---	0	---
Orishimo et al. [36]	Adult-Athlete	26.3	Single	30	0	0	---
Kernozek et al. [10]	Adult	23.4	Single	50	---	0	---
TOTAL*				% (-/+/0)	0/0/100	0/0/100	---

† +: greater value in female subjects; -: smaller value in female subjects; 0: no differences between sexes; ---: not investigated
^‡ Landing from a jump to block a volleyball in the presence of a net of standard, sex-specific height
^a hip flexion angle at peak knee flexion angle
* Percentage of studies having found lower (-), greater (+), and similar (0) values in female subjects in comparison with male subjects
IC: initial ground contact; RoM: range of motion

ISSN: 2052-1847