Sex-dimorphic landing mechanics and their role within the noncontact ACL injury mechanism: evidence, limitations and directions

Table 4 Summary of studies investigating sex differences in knee abduction angles and moments during a vertical landing task

References	Population		Landing Task		Result†
	Category	Mean Age (years)	Double-Leg vs. Single Leg	Height (cm)	at IC	peak	RoM
Knee Abduction Angle
Schmitz et al. [11]	Adolescent	14.1	Double	30	---	---	+^a
Ford et al. [25]	Adolescent	16.0	Double	31	0	+	---
Ford et al. [13]	Adolescent	12-16	Double	31	---	+^b	---
Hewett et al. [28]	Adolescent	14.1	Double	31	+	+	---
Walsh et al. [44]	Adult-Athlete	19.5	Double	30.5	+	+	---
Hughes et al. [30]	Adult-Athlete	21.4	Double	not specified^‡	0	+	+
Hughes et al. [31]	Adult-Athlete	21.4	Double	not specified^‡	0	+	+
Wallace et al. [43]	Adult-Athlete	21.6	Double	maximum vertical jump height	---	0	---
Cortes et al. [21]	Adult	23.8	Double	30	0	0^c	---
Earl et al. [23]	Adult	22.8	Double	31	---	+	---
Gehring et al. [27]	Adult	23.8	Double	52	+	+	---
Kernozek et al. [32]	Adult	24.1	Double	60	0	+	+
Pappas et al. [37]	Adult	28.5	Double & Single	40	---	+^d	---
Kiriyama et al. [33]	Adolescent	17.0	Single	20	---	0	---
Nagano et al. [35]	Adult-Athlete	19.6	Single	30	0	0^e	---
Orishimo et al. [36]	Adult-Athlete	26.3	Single	30	0	0^c	0
Kernozek et al. [10]	Adult	23.4	Single	50	---	+	---
Russell et al. [38]	Adult	22.5	Single	60	+	+^c	---
TOTAL*				% (-/+/0)	0/36/64	0/71/29	0/80/20
Knee Abduction Moment
Ford et al. [13]	Adolescent	12-16	Double	31	---	+^b	---
Sigward et al. [14]	Adolescent	14.7	Double	36	---	+^f	---
Chaudhari et al. [9]	Adult	19.9	Double	30.48	---	0	---
Kernozek et al. [32]	Adult	24.1	Double	60	---	-	---
Orishimo et al. [36]	Adult-Athlete	26.3	Single	30	0	0	---
Kernozek et al. [10]	Adult	23.4	Single	50	---	0	---
TOTAL*				% (-/+/0)	0/0/100	17/33/50	---

† +: greater value in female subjects; -: smaller value in female subjects; 0: no differences between sexes; ---: not investigated
^‡ Landing from a jump to block a volleyball in the presence of a net of standard, sex-specific height
^a frontal-plane angle in two dimensions
^b in post-pubertal group only (and not pre-pubertal group)
^c knee abduction angle at peak knee flexion angle
^d knee abduction angle at 40° knee flexion angle
^e knee abduction angle at peak vertical ground reaction force
^f average knee abduction moment
* Percentage of studies having found lower (-), greater (+), and similar (0) values in female subjects in comparison with male subjects
IC: initial ground contact; RoM: range of motion

ISSN: 2052-1847