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Table 2 Onset times of muscle activations between Patients with ASI and Control young subjects during elevation in the sagittal and coronal planes

From: Control strategies to re-establish glenohumeral stability after shoulder injury

Muscles

Sagittal plane

Coronal plane

Patients with ASI (time as a %)

Control young (time as a %)

t-test values

p-value

Patients with ASI (time as a %)

Control young (time as a %)

t-test values

p-value

(SD)(SE)

(SD)(SE)

(SD)(SE)

(SD)(SE)

Teres major

41.03 (12.63) (1.31)

50.22 (5.13) (0.41)

6.64

<0.001*

47.64 (20.05) (2.09)

50.04 (5.27) (0.43)

1.12

 

Supraspinatus

−21.98# (8.90) (0.92)

22.31 (2.29) (0.18)

46.74

<0.001*

−22.60# (6.86) (0.71)

21.04 (2.20) (0.17)

59.14

<0.001*

Infraspinatus

8.00 (1.62) (0.16)

60.29 (6.05) (0.49)

100.12

<0.001*

8.35 (1.64) (0.17)

56.86 (5.85) (0.47)

95.45

<0.001*

Posterior deltoid

35.36 (11.22) (1.17)

9.28 (0.95) (0.07)

−22.23

<0.001*

40.93 (13.25) (1.38)

9.34 (0.92) (0.07)

−22.83

<0.001*

Ipsilateral upper trapezius

9.61 (6.55) (0.68)

−2.60# (0.26) (0.02)

−17.88

<0.001*

15.80 (16.33) (1.70)

−2.60# (0.27) (0.02)

−10.81

<0.001*

Contralateral upper trapezius

32.36 (10.64) (1.11)

82.20 (7.38) (0.60)

39.45

<0.001*

41.63 (12.77) (1.33)

81.86 (8.56) (0.69)

25.84

<0.001*

Long head of biceps

56.22 (14.56) (1.51)

80.70 (8.18) (0.66)

17.23

<0.001*

49.43 (11.94) (1.24)

82.27 (9.33) (0.76)

29.51

<0.001*

  1. *Significant at p < 0.001; # -ve values indicate muscle activation before movement start (i.e. pre-setting phase).