Muscle strength differences in healthy young adults with and without generalized joint hypermobility: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Comparison of isometric strength of elbow and knee extensors between Hypermobile (H) and Non-Hypermobile (NH) participants after one-way ANCOVA (height and body mass were selected as covariates)

Muscle group	Gender	Category	N	Unadjusted mean strength (Nm) ± SD (without controlling for covariates)	p value	Adjusted mean strength (Nm) (after controlling for covariates)	95 % CI		F	Partial eta squared
							Lower	Upper
Elbow extensors right	Female	H	28	51.9 ± 16.2	p = 0.4	51.1	45	57.2	p = 0.7	0.002
	Female	NH	28	48.8 ± 17.8	p = 0.4	49.6	43.5	55.6	p = 0.7	0.002
	Male	H	25	71.7 ± 23.1	P = 0.02*	69	53.8	84.2	p = 0.006*	0.1
	Male	NH	25	97.6 ± 47.4	P = 0.02*	100.3	85.1	115.5	p = 0.006*	0.1
Elbow extensors left	Female	H	28	48.9 ± 17.2	p = 0.26	48	42.4	53.7	p = 0.5	0.007
	Female	NH	28	44.7 ± 15.1	p = 0.26	45.5	39.9	51.2	p = 0.5	0.007
	Male	H	25	74.8 ± 24.3	p = 0.03*	71.5	56.9	86.1	p = 0.007*	0.1
	Male	NH	25	97.7 ± 45.5	p = 0.03*	101	86.4	115.7	p = 0.007*	0.1
Knee extensors right	Female	H	28	161.3 ± 74.9	p = 0.37	158.2	130.8	185.5	p = 0.6	0.005
	Female	NH	28	145.5 ± 75.8	p = 0.37	148.6	121.2	175.9	p = 0.6	0.005
	Male	H	25	188.7 ± 83.3	p = 0.13	178.8	141	216.6	p = 0.03*	0.09
	Male	NH	25	228.3 ± 106.7	p = 0.13	238	200.3	276	p = 0.03*	0.09
Knee extensors left	Female	H	28	155.2 ± 73	p = 0.07	152.3	126.3	178.4	p = 0.1	0.03
	Female	NH	28	124.3 ± 69.6	p = 0.07	127.1	101.1	153.1	p = 0.1	0.03
	Male	H	25	178.1 ± 96.2	p = 0.23	169.9	130.1	209.6	p = 0.08	0.06
	Male	NH	25	212.9 ± 101.2	p = 0.23	221.1	181.1	260.9	p = 0.08	0.06

ISSN: 2052-1847