Table 2 Summary of within and between group changes on clinical outcomes

Physiological outcomes

 Body weight (kg)

117.4 (36.6)

118.9 (35.4)

0.06

86.0 (26.7)

86.0 (26.8)

0.77

0.01

0.49 [0.61,3.83]

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

41.3 (12.5)

41.7 (12.1)

0.12

33.8 (9.4)

33.8 (9.4)

N/A

0.04

0.37[0.04,1.20]

 Waist Circumference (cm)

123.6 (29.0)

121.5 (29.1)

0.04

95.9 (16.3)

96.6 (17.2)

0.20

0.03

0.40^b

 Fat mass (kg)

58.6 (23.3)

59.0 (22.7)

0.50

39.6 (18.3)

40.6 (19.2)

0.24

0.59

0.03[-2.96,1.79]

 Lean mass (kg)

54.7 (12.5)

56.0 (11.3)

0.16

43.9 (10.4)

43.0 (10.0)

0.23

0.01

0.49^b

 Fat-free mass (kg)

57.4 (13.6)

58.8 (11.9)

0.13

46.8 (10.8)

46.0 (10.4)

0.26

0.005

0.57^b

 Percent body fat (%)

49.7 (8.4)

49.6 (7.6)

0.84

45.2 (10.7)

46.1 (11.2)

0.22

0.36

0.08[-2.66,1.06]

 HbA1c (%)

5.3 (0.4)

5.1 (0.3)

0.037

5.1 (0.3)

5.2 (0.4)

0.24

0.03

0.39^b

 Fasting insulin (mU/L)

21 (11)

20 (12)

0.49

9 (5)

10 (6)

0.18

0.24

0.14[-5.50,1.55]

 Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.7 (0.8)

4.9 (0.7)

0.03

4.8 (0.4)

4.9 (0.4)

0.71

0.18

0.17[-0.08,0.40]

 HOMA-2

2.62 (1.33)

2.56 (1.43)

0.72

1.19 (0.64)

1.24 (0.71)

0.19

0.27

0.11[-0.65,0.20]

 hsCRP (mg/L)

8.9 (10.7)

8.0 (10.8)

0.38

3.6 (5.1)

3.9 (5.4)

0.12

0.36

0.09[-3.57,1.41]

 Testosterone (nmol/L)

1.5 (0.3)

1.7 (0.5)

0.38

1.7 (0.4)

1.8 (0.3)

0.11

0.91

0.00[-0.44,0.49]

 SHBG (nmol/L)

32 (26)

27 (22)

0.39

47 (25)

47 (25)

0.36

0.25

0.13[-22.58,6.50]

 Free androgen index (%)

8.6 (7.3)

9.8 (6.6)

0.26

4.5 (2.7)

4.7 (2.7)

0.11

0.18

0.17[-0.82,3.83]

Functional outcomes

 Upper body strength

190.2 (42.5)

211.5 (52.1)

0.10

141.3 (53.0)

134 (51.0)

0.12

0.06

0.33^b

 Lower body strength

258.7 (67.2)

313.2 (90.3)

0.04

221.8 (59.5)

214.8 (64.9)

0.08

0.03

0.45^b

Psychological outcomes

  PCOSQ

 Emotions

4.4 (0.6)

5.1 (0.5)

0.02

3.2 (1.0)

3.1 (0.9)

0.13

0.003

0.60[0.53,1.95]

 Body hair

4.9 (2.0)

4.5 (1.5)

0.37

4.2 (1.7)

4.2 (1.9)

1.0

0.58

0.03[-1.22,0.71]

 Weight

3.3(1.7)

4.1(1.7)

0.06

2.4 (1.5)

2.3 (1.5)

0.70

0.04

0.35[0.03,1.796]

 Infertility problems

0.9 (0.4)

3.5 (0.9)

0.01

1.1 (0.6)

1.9 (1.2)

0.11

0.03

0.41^b

 Menstrual problems

4.1 (0.8)

3.9 (0.9)

0.52

3.0 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

N/A

0.92

0.00[-1.06,0.96]

  SF-36

 Physical Functioning

83.0 (10.4)

89.3 (12.4)

0.05

94.2 (5.8)

90.8 (10.7)

0.18

0.02

0.42^b

 Role Physical

21.4 (4.9)

22.3 (3.3)

0.36

17.7 (7.3)

18.8 (7.9)

0.70

0.70

0.02[-4.58,6.58]

 Bodily Pain

67.3 (20.0)

65.3 (18.0)

0.55

45.2 (28.3)

48.8 (22.0)

0.36

0.87

0.00[-10.46,9.00]

 General Health

49.0 (22.3)

54.3 (25.2)

0.27

53.3 (14.4)

49.2 (10.7)

0.19

0.14

0.20[-3.73,22.58]

 Vitality

47.3 (26.2)

56.2 (21.3)

0.12

35.4 (26.4)

30.2 (22.9)

0.29

0.02

0.45^b

 Social Functioning

75.0 (14.4)

89.3 (15.2)

0.08

60.4 (18.4)

52.1 (9.4)

0.24

0.002

0.64^b

 Role Emotional

18.0 (5.8)

23.0 (4.1)

0.10

9.7 (8.2)

8.3 (7.5)

0.36

0.009

0.51^b

 Mental Health

71.4 (22.6)

84.2 (17.2)

0.06

51.7 (20.7)

46.7 (20.7)

0.31

0.009

0.52^b

  DASS-21

 Depression

10.8 (6.8)

5.4 (5.4)

0.050

12.7 (9.6)

14.7 (9.0)

0.20

0.01

0.50^b

 Anxiety

10.3 (5.6)

7.4 (7.0)

0.082

12.3 (11.2)

14.3 (10.8)

0.11

0.03

0.41^b

 Stress

12.6 (7.9)

9.7 (9.3)

0.220

21.7 (10.9)

23.0 (11.2)

0.33

0.17

0.18 [-11.11,2.25]

  Exercise Self Efficacy Scale

29.4 (4.7)

31.3 (4.2)

0.095

32.5 (5.3)

30.0 (4.0)

0.10

0.04

0.37^b