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Table 1 Description of selected studies

From: Hormonal aspects of overtraining syndrome: a systematic review

Authorship, year of publication and reference

Number of subjects

Sport(s)

Type of athletes and type of analysis

Basal levels

Functional tests and responses

Aissa et al., 1999 [25]

36

Volleyball, soccer and karate

AA (CC)

↓IGFBP-3/nl IGF-1/nl IGFBP-1/↑IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio

-

Aubry et al., 2015 [2]

31

Triathlon

AA (RRH)

-

OTP (↓serum catecholamines)

Barron et al., 1985 [38]

6

Long distance running

AA (CC, CRH)

↑cortisol/↑ACTH

ITT (↓cortisol/↓ACTH)

Booth CK et al., 2006 [16]

43

Multiple (military activities)

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↓T/C/nl free T/nl cortisol)

Coutts et al., 2007 [13]

18

Rugby

PHA (CHB, RRH)

-

OTP (Nl total T/↓Total T/↓T/C/nl ACTH/nl cortisol/nl insulin/nl nocturnal urinary catecholamines)

Coutts et al., 2007 [14]

7

Rugby

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↓T/C/nl total T/nl cortisol)

Coutts et al., 2007 [15]

16

Rugby

PHA (RRH)

-

OTP (Nl T// nl total T/nl cortisol)

Elloumi et al., 2005 [18]

11

Rugby

AA (CC, CRH, RRH)

Nl IGF-1/nl IGFBP-3

ME after OTP (↓IGFBP-3/↑IGF-1/nl IGF-1/↑IGF-1/IGBP-3 ratio)

Fry et al., 2006 [17]

16

Weight-lifting

PHA (CHB, RRH)

-

OTP (↑Nocturnal urinary Catecholamines/↓muscle beta2 receptors)

Fry et al., 1998 [27]

17

Weight lifting

AA (CC, RRH)

Nl GH/nl Pep F/↓TotalT/nl freeT,

OTP (Nl GH/Nl Pep F/↓TotalT/↓freeT/↓T/C/↓FreelT/C)

Fry et al., 1994 [31]

17

Weight-lifting

AA (CC, CRH)

Nl Plasma Catecholamines

ME (↑Plasma Catecholamines)

Fry et al., 1992 [34]

5

Middle distance running

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (Nl total T/nl cortisol/nl SHBG/nl LH/nl FSH/nl T/C)

Hedelin et al., 2000 [23]

9

Rowing

PHA (CHB)

-

CSP (↓ cortisol/nl total T)

Hoogeveen et al., 1996 [30]

10

Cycling

PHA (CHB, CB)

-

a. Resting levels after OTP (Nl total T/nl LH/nl cortisol)

b. ME after OTP (Nl total T/nl LH/nl cortisol)

Hooper et al., 1993 [32]

14

Swimming

AA (CC)

↑Norepinephrine

-

Hug et al., 2003 [22]

11

Cycling

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↑Total T/↑free T/↓cortisol/nl SHBG/↓GH/nl IGF-1/nl IGFBP-3/nl T/C)

Hynynem et al., 2006

24

Multiple (military activities)

AA (CC)

Nl nocturnal catecholamines/nl nocturnal cortisol

-

Kraemer et al., 2004 [21]

25

Soccer

PHA (CHB, RRH)

-

CSP (Nl Total T/nl cortisol)

Lehmann et al., 1992 [35]

8

Middle distance running

PHA (CHB, CB)

-

a. Resting levels after OTP (↓cortisol/↓aldosterone, nl total T/nl insulin/nl pep C, nl GH/nl prolactin/nl FSH/nl LH/nl TSH/nl T3/nl T4, ↓nocturnal urinary catecholamines/nl plasma catecholamines)

b. ME after OTP (↓cortisol/↓aldosterone/nl testosterone/insuli/nl pepC/nl GH/nl prolactina/nl FSH/nl LH/nl TSH/nl plasma catecholamines)

Lehmann et al., 1990 [36]

9

Middle distance run

PHA (CHB, CB)

-

a. Resting levels after OTP (Nl cortisol/↑aldosterone/nl total T/nl insulin/nl pep C/nl GH/nl prolactin/nl FSH/nl LH/nl TSH/nl T3/nl T4/↓NUC/nl plasma catecholamines/nl 24 h UFC)

b. ME after OTP (Nl cortisol/↑aldosterone/nl testosterone/nl insulin/nl pepC/nl GH/↓prolactin, nl/FSH/nl LH/↓TSH/↓ plasma catecholamines)

Le Meur et al., 2014 [3]

35

Triathlon

PHA (CHB, RRH)

-

OTP + CSP (↓serum catecholamines)

Le Meur et al., 2013 [4]

35

Running

PHA (CHB, RRH)

-

OTP (Nl serum catecholamines)

Mackinnon et al., 1997 [29]

24

Swimming

AA (CC)

↓NUC Nl plasma cathecolamines/nl T/C/nl total T

-

Meeusen et al., 2010 [9]

8

Long distance run/Triathlon/Cycling/Motor Cross/Short distance run

AA (CC, CRH)

↑GH/↑ACTH

TBE (OTS compared to OR) (↓GH/↓ACTH)

Meeusen et al., 2004 [20]

7

Cycling

AA (CC, CRH)

Nl cortisol, prolactin/nl GH/nl ACTH

TBE (OTS compared to control) (↓GH/↓ACTH/↓cortisol/↓prolactin)

Moore et al., 2007 [12]

9

American football

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↓Total T/nl cortisol/nl T/C)

Nederhof et al., 2008 [11]

3

Skaters

AA (CC, CRH)

↓cortisol/nl ACTH

TBE (nl ACTH/nl cortisol)

O’Connor et al., 1989 [37]

14 women (3 NFOR

Swmming

AA (CC)

↑16 h salivary cortisol

-

Rietjens GJ et al., 2005 [19]

7

Not specified

PHA (CRH, CHB, RRH, CB)

Nl GH/nl IGF-1/nl ACTH/nl cortisol

a. Resting levels after OTP (Nl GH/nl IGF-1/nl ACTH/nl cortisol)

b. Short ITT after OTP (Nl GH/nl IGF-1/nl ACTH/nl cortisol)

Roberts et al., 1993 [33]

5

?

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↓ total T/↑cortisol/↓T/C/↓fertility)

Schmikli et al., 2012 [5]

21

Soccer

AA (CC, CRH)

↓GH/nl ACTH/nl cortisol

ME (↓GH/↓ACTH/nl cortisol)

Schmikli et al., 2011 [7]

15

Soccer/Middle-long distance run

AA (CC, CRH)

nl cortisol/nl ACTH

ME (↓cortisol/decoupled ACTH to cortisol response/nl ACTH)

Slivka et al., 2010 [10]

8

Cycling, Triathlon

PHA (CHB, CB)

-

a. ME after OTP (↓salivary cortisol/↓salivary testosterone/↑T/C)

b. Resting levels after OTP (↓salivary cortisol/nl salivary testosterone)

Steinacker et al., 2000 [24]

10

Rowing

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (Nl total T, nl cortisol, nl DHEA-S/↓LH/↓FSH/nl aldosterone/↓insulin/↓pep C/nl prolactin/↑GH)

Tanskanen et al., 2011 [6]

Not Specified

Multiple (military)

AA (CC, CRH)

nl T/C ratio/↑cortisol/↑SHBG

ME (↓cortisol)

Thiel et al., 2011 [8]

3

Tennis

PHA (CHB)

-

OTP (↓IGF-1/nl T/C)

Urhausen et al., 1998 [26]

17

Cycling, triathlon

AA (CC, RRH)

Nl Nocturnal Cathecolamines/nl GH/nl cortisol/nl insulin/nl LH/nl FSH/testosterone/nl SHBG/nl T/SHBG/nl T/C/↑ACTH

ME (↓GH/↓ACTH/↓insulin/nl cortisol)

Uusitalo et al., 1998 [28]

15

Middle-distance running, skiing, triathlon and orienting.

PHA (CHB, RRH, CRH)

-

a. Resting levels after OTP (Nl cortisol/nl serum catecholamines/nl testosterone)

b. ME after OTP (↓serum adrenaline/nl serum noradrenaline/↓cortisol)

  1. General: N number of subjects, Nl normal levels, NS Not Specified
  2. Parameters: Pep F Peptide F (preproencephaline), TotalT Total testosterone, freeT free testosterone, T/C Total Testosterone/Cortisol ratio; freeT/C Free Testosterone/Cortisol ratio
  3. Performed tests: ME Maximal Exercises, TBE Two-Bout Protocol Exercise, ITT insulin tolerance test, OTP Overload Training Program, CSP Competition Season Period
  4. Studies athletes: PHA Previously Healthy Athletes, AA Athletes affected by OTS/NFOR/FOR
  5. Type of analysis: CC = Basal levels compared with healthy athletes; CHB = Resting hormone levels in FOR-induced athletes compared to previous basal levels of the same subjects when previously healthy; CRH = Acute hormone response to stimulation tests compared to acute response in healthy athletes; RRH = Resting hormone levels to OTP in athletes previously affected by OTS/NFOR/FOR compared to basal hormones in healthy athletes; CB = Acute hormone responses compared to basal levels in the same affected athletes