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Table 1 Peak angles (±SD) for double-leg squats between the limbs of the AKP group in both environments

From: Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study

 

Land

Pool

 

Unaffected

Affected

d

Unaffected

Affected

d

Shank angle (°)

21.3 ± 8.0

21.8 ± 8.0

0.05

18.3 ± 8.4

22.0 ± 6.3

0.50

Thigh angle (°)

59.6 ± 27.9

62.6 ± 22.6

0.12

65.4 ± 22.5

68.9 ± 21.9

0.16

Knee flexion (°)

94.4 ± 16.7

90.2 ± 19.5

−0.23

95.2 ± 10.4

91.6 ± 13.4

−0.27

Hip flexion (°)

73.8 ± 17.0

71.7 ± 31.1

−0.08

77.8 ± 19.7

75.5 ± 15.8

−0.10

Shank medial deviation (°)

9.2 ± 5.3

8.2 ± 5.7

−0.20

10.0 ± 5.0

11.9 ± 4.2b

0.42

Thigh lateral deviation (°)

10.3 ± 8.5

13.6 ± 9.4

0.37

12.4 ± 10.4

20.6 ± 9.0b

0.84*

Hip adduction (°)

6.0 ± 8.5

3.6 ± 5.6

−0.33

4.1 ± 3.8

3.0 ± 3.1

−0.32

Knee adduction (°)

17.2 ± 12.8

20.0 ± 13.7

0.21

19.8 ± 13.0

30.3 ± 11.6a

0.85*

Hip abduction (°)

12.0 ± 9.0

12.7 ± 9.9

0.07

10.8 ± 8.0

18.8 ± 10.7b

0.85*

Knee abduction (°)

3.8 ± 3.1

2.1 ± 2.5

−0.58

3.4 ± 2.8

3.7 ± 3.7

0.08

  1. *indicates significant difference between limbs at p < 0.05
  2. aindicates large within-limb effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.8
  3. bindicates moderate within-limb effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.5