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Table 2 Peak angles (±SD) for single-leg squats between the limbs of the AKP group in both environments

From: Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study

 

Land

Pool

 

Unaffected

Affected

Cohen’s d

Unaffected

Affected

Cohen’s d

Shank angle (°)

26.0 ± 10.0

24.0 ± 5.8

−0.25

25.8 ± 8.4

27.8 ± 7.7b

0.25

Thigh angle (°)

36.1 ± 14.7

36.2 ± 11.8

0.00

51.3 ± 9.0a

49.1 ± 8.6a

−0.25

Thorax angle (°)

23.8 ± 11.5

23.2 ± 9.8

−0.06

17.9 ± 11.2b

16.2 ± 8.6b

−0.16

Knee flexion (°)

65.0 ± 13.5

61.6 ± 10.4

−0.28

78.1 ± 13.4a

76.0 ± 12.1a

−0.17

Hip flexion (°)

42.8 ± 12.9

33.7 ± 11.4

−0.75*

59.8 ± 11.3a

42.5 ± 9.6a

−1.37*

Trunk flexion (°)

20.6 ± 13.4

19.6 ± 11.2

−0.08

21.1 ± 9.4

12.4 ± 7.4b

−1.03*

Shank medial deviation (°)

2.4 ± 2.3

7.5 ± 4.8

1.35*

10.4 ± 6.7a

11.3 ± 7.4b

0.13

Thigh lateral deviation (°)

5.2 ± 4.1

6.3 ± 5.7

0.22

8.7 ± 8.5c

9.7 ± 7.3b

0.13

Thorax lateral deviation (°)

5.0 ± 6.0

3.5 ± 2.9

−0.31

3.5 ± 2.8

2.6 ± 2.6

−0.34

Hip adduction (°)

9.4 ± 8.7

6.1 ± 4.2

−0.49

6.4 ± 5.3

4.9 ± 2.9

−0.51

Knee adduction (°)

9.5 ± 7.7

12.3 ± 7.9

0.36

19.0 ± 13.2a

19.7 ± 12.3b

0.05

Hip abduction (°)

7.4 ± 6.3

5.7 ± 5.8

−0.28

7.8 ± 7.5

11.1 ± 8.1b

0.42

Knee abduction (°)

4.2 ± 2.6

2.2 ± 1.6

−0.89*

7.8 ± 6.3b

2.3 ± 2.2

−1.18*

Trunk lateral tilt (°)

5.3 ± 4.8

8.2 ± 4.4

0.63*

4.3 ± 2.4

3.6 ± 3.0a

0.23

  1. *indicates significant difference between limbs at p < 0.05
  2. aindicates large within-limb effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.8
  3. bindicates moderate within-limb effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.8