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Table 3 Asymmetry index score (±SD) between the groups in both environments

From: Limb symmetry during double-leg squats and single-leg squats on land and in water in adults with long-standing unilateral anterior knee pain; a cross sectional study

  

Land

Pool

  

AKP

Control

d

AKP

Control

d

Double-leg Squat

 

Shank AP (°)

5.9 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 1.2

0.40

5.9 ± 1.6

5.8 ± 1.4

0.06

 

Thigh AP (°)

5.3 ± 0.7

5.0 ± 1.4

0.33

5.3 ± 0.5

5.1 ± 1.7

0.12

 

Knee flexion (°)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.4 ± 0.4

−0.62*

1.3 ± 1.3a

0.5 ± 0.5

0.76a

 

Hip flexion (°)

1.4 ± 0.8

1.3 ± 0.7

0.11

1.6 ± 1.1

1.7 ± 1.7

−0.09

 

Shank ML (°)

1.9 ± 1.3

2.3 ± 1.7

−0.26

2.7 ± 2.1

2.2 ± 2.7

0.20

 

Thigh ML (°)

2.9 ± 2.1

3.0 ± 2.2

−0.06

3.6 ± 2.0

3.1 ± 2.2

0.24

 

Knee abduction (°)

2.2 ± 2.0

4.8 ± 1.5

−1.48*

3.3 ± 2.5

6.0 ± 1.7b

−1.26*

 

Hip abduction (°)

2.8 ± 2.0

4.6 ± 2.1

−0.91*

3.0 ± 1.9

7.4 ± 2.6a

−1.87*

Single-leg Squat

 

Shank AP (°)

5.3 ± 1.4

5.1 ± 1.3

0.15

6.3 ± 1.7

6.3 ± 1.3a

−0.13

 

Thigh AP (°)

4.9 ± 0.8

5.0 ± 0.8

−0.13

4.8 ± 0.9

5.0 ± 0.9

−0.21

 

Thorax AP (°)

4.3 ± 2.1

1.8 ± 1.3

1.48*

2.0 ± 1.4a

2.0 ± 1.7

0.02

 

Knee flexion (°)

0.7 ± 0.5

0.7 ± 0.4

0.07

0.7 ± 0.4

2.0 ± 1.7a

−1.05*

 

Hip flexion (°)

2.2 ± 1.0

1.5 ± 0.6

0.85*

1.3 ± 0.7a

1.4 ± 0.8

−0.14

 

Trunk flexion (°)

3.4 ± 1.9

2.3 ± 1.2

0.69*

2.4 ± 1.5b

2.3 ± 1.5

−0.04

 

Shank ML (°)

7.0 ± 5.7

2.7 ± 1.6

1.04*

2.4 ± 1.1a

2.6 ± 2.0

−0.13

 

Thigh ML (°)

7.1 ± 4.7

3.5 ± 2.4

0.96*

2.8 ± 1.4a

3.9 ± 2.0

−0.66*

 

Thorax ML (°)

15.3 ± 14.9

6.1 ± 4.6

0.84*

5.3 ± 4.0a

5.8 ± 3.8

−0.13

 

Knee abduction (°)

8.4 ± 7.3

5.0 ± 1.8

0.64*

7.1 ± 3.1

6.0 ± 2.9

0.37

 

Hip abduction (°)

7.3 ± 5.6

8.2 ± 6.7

−0.14

7.3 ± 4.6

4.7 ± 2.8b

0.70*

 

Trunk lateral tilt (°)

8.1 ± 8.6

5.1 ± 3.0

0.45

11.5 ± 9.4

6.6 ± 4.1

0.67

  1. *indicates significant difference between environments at p < 0.05
  2. aindicates large within groups effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.8
  3. bindicates moderate within groups effect size between environments at Cohen’s d > 0.5