Table 1 Mean ± SD (range) response time and accuracy for the Stroop, Visual Search and Sternberg cognitive function tests
From: Effects of heat stress and dehydration on cognitive function in elite female field hockey players
| Â | Response Time (ms) | Accuracy (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | Level | Â | Hot | Moderate | Hot | Moderate | ||||
Fluid | No Fluid | Fluid | No Fluid | Fluid | No Fluid | Fluid | No Fluid | |||
Stroop | Baseline | Pre-exercise | 604 ± 90 (473–766) | 599 ± 70 (509–739) | 606 ± 63 (487–685) | 573 ± 64 (497–682) | 95.6 ± 3.2 (90–100) | 98.1 ± 3.7 (90–100) | 98.1 ± 2.6 (95–100) | 96.9 ± 3.7 (90–100) |
Post-exercise | 585 ± 94 (472–695) | 572 ± 87 (461–694) | 579 ± 68 (472–676) | 577 ± 81 (496–746) | 98.8 ± 2.3 (95–100) | 95.6 ± 3.2 (90–100) | 98.8 ± 2.3 (95–100) | 98.1 ± 3.7 (90–100) | ||
Complex | Pre-exercise | 772 ± 167 (599–1052) | 757 ± 144 (587–1031) | 722 ± 97 (589–895) | 724 ± 103 (556–837) | 97.8 ± 2.3 (94–100) | 95.5 ± 3.7 (90–100) | 96.3 ± 4.7 (88–100) | 97.5 ± 2.8 (92–100) | |
Post-exercise | 697 ± 131 (555–854) | 688 ± 96 (578–857) | 698 ± 96 (571–883) | 708 ± 91 (628–876) | 97.0 ± 2.4 (94–100) | 96.8 ± 4.1 (88–100) | 95.8 ± 4.5 (88–100) | 96.5 ± 2.1 (92–98) | ||
|  | Condition * time interaction, p = 0.080 Post-hoc: hot pre-exercise > post-exercise (p = 0.014) | |||||||||
Visual Search | Baseline | Pre-exercise | 496 ± 16 (471–516) | 505 ± 23 (482–549) | 500 ± 15 (475–528) | 508 ± 20 (483–545) | 98.9 ± 3.2 (90.9–100) | 99.4 ± 1.7 (95.2–100) | 99.4 ± 1.7 (95.2–100) | 99.4 ± 1.7 (95.2–100) |
Post-exercise | 481 ± 22 (464–535) | 498 ± 39 (463–585) | 515 ± 17 (493–540) | 496 ± 9 (486–510) | 99.4 ± 1.7 (95.2–100) | 98.8 ± 2.2 (95.2–100) | 100.0 ± 0.0 (100–100) | 99.4 ± 1.7 (95.2–100) | ||
Complex | Pre-exercise | 1932 ± 288 (1496–2354) | 2060 ± 499 (1222–2810) | 2010 ± 411 (1326–2733) | 2174 ± 540 (1284–2787) | 99.5 ± 1.3 (96.2–100) | 98.2 ± 3.8 (89.3–100) | 99.0 ± 2.0 (94.3–100) | 98.8 ± 2.6 (92.6–100) | |
Post-exercise | 1847 ± 295 (1228–2054) | 1926 ± 304 (1360–2246) | 2115 ± 321 (1655–2754) | 2119 ± 356 (1294–2409) | 99.3 ± 2.0 (94.3–100) | 95.3 ± 6.5 (90.9–100) | 99.3 ± 1.4 (96.2–100) | 99.8 ± 0.7 (98–100) | ||
|  | Condition * test level interaction, p = 0.005 Post-hoc: complex level hot < moderate (p = 0.001) | |||||||||
Sternberg | 1 item | Pre-exercise | 401 ± 51 (343–492) | 434 ± 59 (371–571) | 402 ± 43 (347–475) | 393 ± 44 (337–465) | 98.4 ± 4.4 (87.5–100) | 94.5 ± 6.2 (81.3–100) | 92.9 ± 7.0 (81.3–100) | 95.3 ± 8.7 (87.5–100) |
Post-exercise | 390 ± 36 (336–448) | 372 ± 33 (332–433) | 397 ± 33 (348–449) | 394 ± 41 (333–447) | 98.4 ± 2.9 (93.8–100) | 94.5 ± 6.2 (81.3–100) | 97.7 ± 4.7 (87.5–100) | 97.7 ± 4.7 (87.5–100) | ||
3 item | Pre-exercise | 468 ± 48 (398–520) | 475 ± 52 (392–547) | 494 ± 40 (431–558) | 463 ± 68 (376–546) | 96.9 ± 2.4 (93.8–100) | 97.3 ± 3.5 (90.6–100) | 94.9 ± 4.4 (87.5–100) | 95.7 ± 3.7 (90.6–100) | |
Post-exercise | 435 ± 53 (365–515) | 451 ± 58 (397–563) | 468 ± 43 (414–518) | 467 ± 46 (397–530) | 96.9 ± 3.7 (90.6–100) | 97.7 ± 2.2 (93.8–100) | 96.9 ± 1.7 (93.8–100) | 96.9 ± 1.7 (93.8–100) | ||
5 item | Pre-exercise | 564 ± 76 (480–678) | 523 ± 64 (451–639) | 555 ± 33 (510–605) | 564 ± 85 (473–691) | 96.5 ± 3.1 (90.6–100) | 95.7 ± 6.7 (81.3–100) | 95.7 ± 3.7 (90.6–100) | 97.3 ± 2.0 (93.8–100) | |
Post-exercise | 528 ± 76 (447–663) | 555 ± 33 (510–605) | 534 ± 52 (474–605) | 549 ± 67 (441–648) | 96.1 ± 2.8 (90.6–100) | 93.4 ± 6.6 (78.1–100) | 96.9 ± 4.4 (87.5–100) | 97.3 ± 1.1 (96.9–100) | ||
|  | Main effect of condition, p = 0.024 Post-hoc: hot < moderate (p = 0.024) Main effect of time, p = 0.007 Post-hoc: pre-exercise > post-exercise (p = 0.007) | Condition * time interaction, p = 0.004 Post-hoc: moderate pre-exercise < post-exercise (p = 0.044) | ||||||||