Table 4 Risk assessment for bias the basic science studies

Pathophysiology

1995 Caillard

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

moderate

2004 Choi

py

py

pn

pn

py

n

py

critical

2006 Ludwig

py

py

n

n

n

n

n

serious

2009 Wester

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

moderate

2010 Harris

n

py

n

n

y

n

py

serious

2010 Fraser

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

moderate

2011 Pingitore

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

moderate

2016 Moon

y

y

n

n

n

n

n

serious

DX

2009 Shearer

y

py

pn

pn

pn

n

n

serious

RX

2016.1 Moon

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

moderate