Fig. 3

Joint moments and angles in the GHJC: a Normalized internal/external rotation moments [Nm/kg] as a function of the internal/external rotation angles [°] are shown for internal rotation exercises of the shoulder. b Normalized adduction/abduction moments [Nm/kg] as a function of the adduction/abduction angles [°] are shown for internal rotation exercises of the shoulder. c Normalized internal/external rotation moments [Nm/kg] as a function of the internal/external rotation angles [°] are shown for external rotation exercises of the shoulder. d Normalized adduction/abduction moments [Nm/kg] as a function of the adduction/abduction angles [°] are shown for external rotation exercises of the shoulder. The joint angles are defined the follows: int(+)/ext.(−) rotation und add(+)/abd(−). *: Starting point of the concentric phase of the movement