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Table 3 External rotation exercises. Mean ± standard deviation of the internal/external rotation and adduction/abduction moments Mmax [Nm/kg], RoMs [°], and angles at maximal moment α(Mmax) [°] in the GHJC are presented. Significant exercise differences (p < 0.05) are indicated in superscript form. *: represents values that are significantly different (p < 0.05) from those obtained with the other resistance type for the same exercise

From: Comparison of the kinematics and kinetics of shoulder exercises performed with constant and elastic resistance

   

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Internal/ external rotation in the GHJC

Mmax [Nm/kg]

CR

0.085 ± 0.005*

Sho20_ext

0.088 ± 0.006*

Sho20_ext

0.088 ± 0.006*

Sho20_ext

0.103 ± 0.004*

Elb_ext

0.070 ± 0.020*

Elb_ext

Elb20_com

Elb20_com

Elb20_com

Elb20_ext

Elb20_ext

Sho_ext

Sho_ext

Elb20_com

Sho20_ext

ER

0.057 ± 0.005*

Sho_ext

0.060 ± 0.006*

Sho20_ext

0.069 ± 0.006*

Elb_ext

0.075 ± 0.007*

Elb_ext

0.046 ± 0.013*

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RoM [°]

CR

89.8 ± 22.7

Sho_ext

85.5 ± 20.7

Sho_ext

69.1 ± 9.3

Elb_ext

76.5 ± 9.2

Elb_ext

113.6 ± 17.5

Elb_ext

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Sho20_ext

Elb20_ext

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ER

96.1 ± 19.8

Sho_ext

92.9 ± 21.8

Sho_ext

68.9 ± 10.8

Elb_ext

75.8 ± 11.1

Elb_ext

112.5 ± 15.4

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α(Mmax) [°]

CR

0.2 ± 7.7*

Sho_ext

−1.4 ± 5.7*

Sho_ext

−34.9 ± 5.9*

Elb_ext

−22.1 ± 5.9*

Elb_ext

16.0 ± 8.4*

Elb_ext

Sho20_ext

Sho20_ext

Elb20_ext

Elb20_ext

Elb20_ext

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Elb20_com

Sho20_ext

Sho_ext

Sho_ext

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ER

−13.1 ± 5.9*

Sho_ext

−13.5 ± 7.3*

Sho_ext

−43.0 ± 6.8*

Elb_ext

−30.7 ± 8.6*

Elb_ext

−6.8 ± 7.3*

Sho_ext

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Adduction/ abduction in the GHJC

Mmax [Nm/kg]

CR

0.077 ± 0.012

Sho_ext

0.090 ± 0.018

Sho20_ext

0.106 ± 0.014

Elb_ext

0.123 ± 0.017

Elb_ext

0.136 ± 0.033

Elb-ext

Sho20_ext

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ER

0.084 ± 0.017

Sho20_ext

0.096 ± 0.011

Sho20_ext

0.103 ± 0.013

Elb20_com

0.124 ± 0.013

Elb_ext

0.141 ± 0.029

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RoM [°]

CR

10.3 ± 5.9

Elb20_com

8.6 ± 4.1

Elb20_com

14.2 ± 3.1

Elb20_com

12.5 ± 4.2

Elb20_com

95.7 ± 19.1

Elb_ext

Elb20_ext

Sho_ext

Sho20_ext

ER

11.0 ± 5.0

Elb20_com

10.3 ± 4.5

Elb20_com

13.6 ± 3.9

Elb20_com

13.2 ± 5.5

Elb20_com

90.4 ± 16.7

Elb_ext

Elb20_ext

Sho_ext

Sho20_ext

α(Mmax) [°]

CR

−13.7 ± 4.3

Sho_ext

−14.0 ± 4.0

Sho_ext

−55.2 ± 7.8

Elb_ext

−57.9 ± 7.8

Elb_ext

−70.9 ± 16.8

Elb_ext

Sho20_ext

Sho20_ext

Elb20_ext

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Sho_ext

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ER

−11.7 ± 5.4

Sho_ext

−12.7 ± 4.6

Sho_ext

−53.5 ± 8.1

Elb_ext

−53.6 ± 10.2

Elb_ext

−71.0 ± 13.2

Elb_ext

Sho20_ext

Sho20_ext

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