The effect of Total resistance exercise vs. aquatic training on self-reported knee instability, pain, and stiffness in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Changes in clinical outcomes after 8-week TRX and aquatic interventions

Outcome measure	groups	t0 M (SD)	t1 M (SD)	Change by the time	Between group difference	AQ vs. TRX	AQ vs. CON.	TRX vs. CON.
Knee Instability	TRX	2.1 (1.6)	4.7 (0.6)	0.0001^a	0.02^c	0.84	0.03^b	0.04^b
	Aqua therapy	1.6 (1.4)	3.9 (1.2)	0.0001^a
	Control	2.9 (1.4)	2.5 (1.1)	0.45
WOMAC Stiffness	TRX	4.4 (2.3)	2.8 (2.1)	0.04^a	0.12	0.92	0.25	0.05^b
	Aqua therapy	4.9 (2.1)	2.9 (0.02)	0.058
	Control	4.7 (1.2)	5.5 (2.0)	0.14
VAS	TRX	7.6 (2.4)	3.4 (2.2)	0.0001^a	0.03^c	0.63	0.03^b	0.04^b
	Aqua therapy	7.1 (2.7)	3.1 (1.6)	0.0001^a
	Control	7.5 (2.0)	6.7 (2.5)	0.13
BBS	TRX	37.6 (8.9)	47.91 (7.88)	0.0001^a	0.0001^c	0.92	0.001^b	0.10
	Aqua therapy	41.3 (8.3)	52.5 (4.88)	0.0001^a
	Control	37.9 (2.2)	33.83 (1.88)	0.45
Quadriceps strength	TRX	13.4 (1.6)	16.9 (2.6)	0.001^a	0.42	0.80	0.21	0.31
	Aqua therapy	14.9 (3.5)	16.4 (4.3)	0.21
	Control	12.7 (4.7)	12.2 (5.7)	0.88
Knee Flexion	TRX	109.7 (5.5)	129.4 (4.9)	0.03^a	0.05	0.56	0.61	0.90
	Aqua therapy	110.4 (6.7)	121.9 (8.5)	0. 10
	Control	115.7 (8.9)	110.2 (5.2)	0. 12

SD Standard Deviation, VAS Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, BBS Berg Balance Scale; t0: baseline measures; t1: 8-week measures
(^a) p < 0.05 for posttest compare to the baseline. (^b) means p < 0.05 for post hoc pairwise comparison between groups. (^c) p < 0.05 between groups differences

ISSN: 2052-1847