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Table 3 Comparison of sprint, change of direction and jump performance between groups before and after the 7-week trial

From: The effect of a sand surface on physical performance responses of junior male handball players to plyometric training

Variables

Group

Pre-trial

Post-trial

p value

d (Cohen)

Sprint

 5 m (s)

PS

1.21 ± 0.11

0.99 ± 0.12 ¥¥¥ ££

< 0.001 a

1.21

P

1.22 ± 0.06

1.14 ± 0.08

< 0.001 b

1.38

C

1.22 ± 0.05

1.21 ± 0.04

< 0.001 c

1.12

 10 m (s)

PS

2.17 ± 0.14

1.68 ± 0.23 ¥¥¥ ££

< 0.001 a

1.40

P

2.14 ± 0.12

2.01 ± 0.11

< 0.001 b

1.55

C

2.16 ± 0.09

2.14 ± 0.10

< 0.001 c

1.50

 20 m (s)

PS

3.57 ± 0.25

3.14 ± 0.11 ¥¥ £

0.005 a

0.90

P

3.58 ± 0.22

3.40 ± 0.12

< 0.001 b

1.17

C

3.55 ± 0.20

3.54 ± 0.18

0.002 c

0.98

change-of-direction

 T-Half (s)

PS

7.00 ± 0.30

6.37 ± 0.25 ¥¥¥ £

< 0.001 a

1.24

P

7.17 ± 0.39

6.74 ± 0.28

< 0.001 b

1.17

C

7.13 ± 0.36

7.14 ± 0.30

0.007 c

0.88

 Illinois-MT (s)

PS

13.0 ± 0.3

11.9 ± 0.4¥¥¥ £

< 0.001 a

1.35

P

13.0 ± 0.4

12.4 ± 0.5 €

< 0.001 b

1.55

C

13.1 ± 0.2

13.0 ± 0.2

< 0.001 c

1.19

Jump tests

 SJ (cm)

PS

28.6 ± 4.0

36.6 ± 3.3 ¥¥¥

< 0.001 a

1.13

P

27.2 ± 3.8

35.6 ± 2.5 €€

< 0.001 b

1.98

C

27.3 ± 3.0

29.5 ± 2.7

0.005 c

0.90

 CMJ (cm)

PS

29.2 ± 3.5

40.3 ± 5.3 ¥¥

0.002 a

0.98

P

30.7 ± 3.4

39.0 ± 3.1 €€

< 0.001 b

1.93

C

30.4 ± 3.4

31.8 ± 3.1

< 0.001 c

1.14

 5JT (cm)

PS

10.4 ± 0.6

11.1 ± 0.5

0.198 a

0.48

P

9.8 ± 1.2

11.1 ± 1.5

0.012 b

0.69

C

10.1 ± 1.1

10.2 ± 1.2

0.238 c

0.45

  1. PS = plyometrics on sand; P = standard plyometrics; C = control group; n = number; s = seconde; SJ = squat jump; CMJ = counter-movement jump; 5JT = five-jump test; T- Half = T-Half test; Illinois-MT = Modified lllinois test; ¥ = denotes a significant difference between PS and C; £ = denotes a significant difference between PS and P; € = denotes a significant difference between P and C; a = denotes a main effect of group, b = denotes a main effect of time; c = denote a group x time interaction; ¥: p ≤ 0.05; ¥¥:p ≤ 0.01; ¥¥¥: p ≤ 0.001; £: p ≤ 0.05; ££: p ≤ 0.01; £££: p ≤ 0.001; €: p ≤ 0.05; €€€: p ≤ 0.001