Table 1 Participant Characteristics

 Age (years)

57.4 ± 9.5

57.5 ± 9.1

57.3 ± 9.7

0.981

 Sex (% men)

101 (67)

–

–

–

 Ethnicity (% Caucasian)

127 (87)

40 (85)

87 (88)

0.732

 Marital status (% married)

112 (76)

31 (66)

81 (81)

0.177

 Education (% four years College/University)^a

68 (47)

19 (41)

49 (49)

0.195

 Smoker (%)^a

9 (6)

2 (4)

7 (7)

0.782

 Height (cm)^a

171.0 ± 9.3

164.5 ± 8.7

174.6 ± 7.6

0.000**

 Body mass (kg)

82.3 ± 16.9

77.0 ± 18.1

85.3 ± 15.5

0.006**

 BMI (kg/m²)^a

28.0 ± 4.9

28.0 ± 6.1

28.0 ± 4.3

0.279

 Waist circumference (cm)^a

97.5 ± 12.3

94.2 ± 14.7

99.1 ± 10.6

0.037*

 Resting systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

123 ± 16

125 ± 17

122 ± 15

0.291

 Resting diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75 ± 10

75.3 ± 8.7

74 ± 10

0.542

 Resting heart rate (bpm)

65 ± 12

68 ± 14

63 ± 10

0.008**

 V̇O_2peak (mL/kg/min)^a

32.5 ± 7.1

28.9 ± 7.1

32.5 ± 7.1

0.000**

 Anti-platelets

142 (94)

44 (88)

98 (97)

0.060^b

 β-blockers

109 (72)

31 (62)

78 (77)

0.049*

 Anti-dyslipidemics

134 (84)

32 (60)

102 (95)

0.000**

 ACE inhibitors

83 (55)

25 (50)

58 (57)

0.388

 Angiotensin-receptor blockers

11 (7)

4 (8)

7 (7)

1.000^b

 Calcium channel blockers

20 (13)

7 (14)

13 (13)

0.847

 Anti-coagulants

15 (10)

6 (12)

9 (9)

1.000^b

 Anti-depressants

16 (11)

8 (16)

8 (8)

0.091^b

 Anti-diabetics

12 (8)

4 (8)

8 (8)

1.000^b

 Anxiolytics

4 (3)

1 (2)

3 (3)

1.000^b

 Coronary artery disease

113 (75)

29 (58)

84 (83)

0.002**^c

 Angina

18 (12)

9 (18)

9 (9)

0.105

 Arrhythmias

19 (13)

7 (14)

12 (12)

0.712

 Ablation

2 (2)

1 (2)

1 (1)

1.000^b

 Valvular disease

19 (13)

7 (14)

12 (12)

0.712

 Stroke/TIA

3 (2)

1 (2)

2 (2)

1.000^b

 SCAD

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.331^b

 Heart Failure

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.331^b

 PCI

89 (59)

24 (48)

65 (64)

0.055

 CABG

27 (17)

1 (2)

25 (25)

0.000**

 PCI + CABG

7 (5)

0 (0)

7 (7)

0.096^a

 Primary Prevention

5 (3)

4 (8)

1 (1)

0.041*^b