Table 7 Adjusted post-intervention between group difference (ANCOVA) and within-group change over time mean differences (95% CI) for flow

Autotelic experience

−0.16⁺ (− 0.47 to 0.15)

0.79*** (0.40 to 1.18)

1.16*** (0.65 to 1.68)

Clear goals^a

−0.07 (− 0.43 to 0.30)

1.44*** (0.97 to 1.9)

0.93 (− 0.36 to 2.23)

Challenge-skill-balance

−0.36 (− 0.73 to 0.02)

1.06*** (0.61 to 1.51)

1.46*** (0.94 to 1.98)

Concentration at task

−0.24* (− 0.59 to 0.11)

1.09*** (0.59 to 1.59)

1.54*** (0.94 to 2.15)

Paradox of control

−0.30⁺ (− 0.79 to 0.19)

1.33*** (0.79 to 1.87)

1.49*** (0.83 to 2.15)

Unambiguous feedback

−0.20 (− 0.60 to 0.21)

1.38*** (0.91 to 1.85)

1.52*** (0.93 to 2.12)

Action-awareness-merging^a

−0.20 (− 0.73 to 0.32)

1.28*** (0.87 to 1.69)

1.55*** (0.87 to 2.24)

Transformation of time

−0.72 (−2.05 to 0.60)

0.55* (0.08 to 1.02)

1.25 (−0.33 to 2.83)

Loss of self-consciousness

−0.14 (− 0.52 to 0.25)

1.15*** (0.63 to 1.67)

1.40*** (0.76 to 2.04)