Mindfulness and psychological health in practitioners of Japanese martial arts: a cross-sectional study

Table 1 Descriptive statistics and comparisons between groups for each psychological scale

	Practitioners (N = 33)		Non-Practitioners (N = 66)		Comparisons: Practitioners vs. Non-Practitioners
	α	Mean (SD)	α	Mean (SD)	t (p)	Cohen’s d
FFMQ Total	0.91	130.39 (17.97)	0.78	119.14 (12.99)	3.078 (0.004**)	0.76
Observing	0.76	27.61 (4.88)	0.87	20.70 (5.85)	5.787 (< 0.001***)	1.25
Describing	0.78	23.94 (4.59)	0.73	23.83 (4.76)	0.105 (0.917)	0.02
Acting with Awareness	0.71	27.48 (4.30)	0.89	28.52 (6.04)	−0.950 (0.345)	0.19
Non-Judging	0.88	27.94 (6.35)	0.92	26.85 (6.86)	0.757 (0.451)	0.16
Non-Reactivity	0.84	23.61 (4.98)	0.85	19.24 (5.32)	3.888 (< 0.001***)	0.84
SWBS Total	0.90	45.97 (7.30)	0.93	35.65 (9.29)	5.317 (< 0.001***)	1.19
General Well-Being: Positive Affect	0.83	10.43 (1.50)	0.87	7.62 (2.32)	7.024 (< 0.001***)	1.35
Confidence in Coping	0.90	9.06 (2.24)	0.88	7.97 (2.24)	2.246 (0.027*)	0.49
Expectation-Achievement Congruence	0.48	8.42 (1.34)	0.82	6.79 (2.40)	4.233 (< 0.001***)	0.77
General Well-Being: Negative Affect^a	0.79	9.44 (2.18)	0.82	6.64 (2.23)	5.809 (< 0.001***)	1.26
Transcendence	0.77	8.81 (1.93)	0.74	6.64 (2.06)	4.948 (< 0.001***)	1.08
BDI Total	0.91	9.25 (9.16)	0.92	13.79 (11.02)	−1.996 (0.049*)	0.43

Mean total/subscale scores and their standard deviations (SDs) are shown for each scale. *: p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001
^a: Higher scores show that less negative affect was self-reported

ISSN: 2052-1847