Effect of resistance training on muscle properties and function in women with generalized joint hypermobility: a single-blind pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Change in Primary and Secondary Variables as Mean Difference and 95% Confidence Interval (CI), Statistical Tests of Group Differences (Including Co-Variates) and Effect Sizes as Cohens d

	Control Group (n = 24)			Training Group (n = 27)			p-value	Effect
	Mean Diff	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	Mean Diff	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	^a	Size^b
MVC knee extensors [N/bm]	0.011	−0.017	0.038	0.006	−0.034	0.046	0.256	−0.33
RFD knee extensors [N/s/bm]	−0.280	−0.657	0.098	−0.178	−0.563	0.208	0.243	+0.34
MVC knee flexors [N/bm]	0.033	0.002	0.065	0.007	−0.033	0.047	0.365	−0.26
RFD knee flexors [N/s/bm]	−0.125	0.357	0.107	−0.264	−0.522	−0.007	0.689	−0.16
CSA thigh [mm²/bm]	−0.18	−0.34	−0.02	0.21	0.02	0.41	0.419	+0.23
mCSA thigh [mm²/bm]	0.13	−0.01	0.27	0.22	0.04	0.40	0.169	+0.40
Muscle mass [mg]	7.6	1.8	13.4	19.1	8.3	29.9	0.936	+0.02
Muscle density [mg/mm²]	−0.02	−0.42	0.38	0.40	−0.27	1.06	0.131	+0.44

diff difference, MVC maximum voluntary contraction strength, RFD rate of force development, pSA cross sectional area, mCSA muscle cross sectional area, bm body mass
^ap value for change between groups, using ANCOVA
^bEffect size between groups as Cohens d: positive values favours resistance training, negative values favours control

ISSN: 2052-1847