Effects of combining diaphragm training with electrical stimulation on pain, function, and balance in athletes with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial

Table 3 The results of ANOVA 2 × 2 for the variables

Variable		Main effect group		Main effect time	Interaction group × time
Pain (NRS)		F(1, 22) = 0.4, p = 0.5		F(1, 22) =119.3, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) =19.8, p < 0.001
Function (COMI)		F(1, 22) = 1.1, p = 0.3		F(1, 22) =109.5, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 2.4, p = 0.09
Static stability (UHBE)		Rt	F(1, 22) =1.3, p = 0.3	F(1, 22) =3.8, p = 0.06	F(1, 22) = 6.3, p = 0.02
Static stability (UHBE)		Lt	F(1, 22) =1.3, p = 0.2	F(1, 22) = 67.8, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 28.2, p < 0.001
Dynamic Balance (SEBT)	Ant	Rt	F(1, 22) =0.9, p = 0.3	F(1, 22) =128.7, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 39.6, p < 0.001
	Ant	Lt	F (1, 22) = 0.2, p = 0.6	F (1, 22) = 128.6, p < 0.001	F (1, 22) = 7.9, p = 0.01
	Post Med	Rt	F(1, 22) =1.0 p = 0.3	F(1, 22) =36.7, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 22.8, p < 0.001
	Post Med	Lt	F (1, 22) = 0.9, p = 0.3	F (1, 22) = 21.5, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 0.4, p = 0.5
	Post Lat	Rt	F(1, 22) =0.2, p = 0.6	F(1, 22) =88.5, p < 0.001	F(1, 22) = 27.9, p < 0.001
	Post Lat	Lt	F (1, 22) = 0.8, p = 0.4	F(1, 22) = 8.8, p = 0.008	F(1, 22) = 3.25, p = 0.08

TENS Trans Cutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation, DT Diaphragm training, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, COMI Core Outcome Measure Index, UHBE Unilateral Hip Bridge Endurance test, SEBT Star Excursion Balance Test, Ant Anterior, PostLat Posterior lateral, PostMed Posterior medial, Rt Right, Lt Left

ISSN: 2052-1847