From: Shadow pitching deviates ball release position: kinematic analysis in high school baseball pitchers
Arm Cocking | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MER | |||||
Direction of Motion | Task 1 | Task 2 | Task 3 | One-factor repeated measures ANOVA | Bonferroni correction p-value |
Right Shoulder | |||||
Horizontal Adduction (+) or Abduction (−) | 3.5 ± 6.0 | 12.6 ± 9.0 a | 5.0 ± 7.9 b | F = 14.768, p < .001 | .001 a b |
Internal Rotation (+) or External Rotation (−) | − 160.0 ± 13.9 | − 149.7 ± 14.3 a | − 153.7 ± 12.6 b c | F = 24.664, p < .001 | < .001 a, .008 b, .002 c |
Spine | |||||
Flexion (+) or Extension (−) | −6.6 ± 8.2 | 6.4 ± 10.2 a | 0.0 ± 10.3 b c | F = 24.748, p < .001 | < .001 a, .003 b, .011 c |
Rotation: Left (+) or Right (−) | 6.3 ± 9.2 | 12.0 ± 8.0 a | 9.3 ± 8.7 | F = 8.436, p = .001 | .005 a |
Thorax | |||||
Flexion (+) or Extension (−) | 21.0 ± 8.4 | 30.8 ± 9.9 a | 25.7 ± 9.0 b c | F = 24.572, p < .001 | < .001 a, .002 b, .006 c |