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Table 3 Joint angles at MER

From: Shadow pitching deviates ball release position: kinematic analysis in high school baseball pitchers

 

Arm Cocking

MER

Direction of Motion

Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

One-factor repeated measures ANOVA

Bonferroni correction

p-value

Right Shoulder

 Horizontal Adduction (+) or Abduction (−)

3.5 ± 6.0

12.6 ± 9.0 a

5.0 ± 7.9 b

F = 14.768, p < .001

.001 a b

 Internal Rotation (+) or External Rotation (−)

− 160.0 ± 13.9

− 149.7 ± 14.3 a

− 153.7 ± 12.6 b c

F = 24.664, p < .001

< .001 a, .008 b, .002 c

Spine

 Flexion (+) or Extension (−)

−6.6 ± 8.2

6.4 ± 10.2 a

0.0 ± 10.3 b c

F = 24.748, p < .001

< .001 a, .003 b, .011 c

 Rotation: Left (+) or Right (−)

6.3 ± 9.2

12.0 ± 8.0 a

9.3 ± 8.7

F = 8.436, p = .001

.005 a

Thorax

 Flexion (+) or Extension (−)

21.0 ± 8.4

30.8 ± 9.9 a

25.7 ± 9.0 b c

F = 24.572, p < .001

< .001 a, .002 b, .006 c

  1. All angles are in degree. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation
  2. Abbreviation: MER Maximum shoulder external rotation, ANOVA Analysis of variance
  3. a Significant difference between task 1 and task 2
  4. b Significant difference between task 2 and task 3
  5. c Significant difference between task 1 and task 3