Table 2 Intervention characteristics and quality of studies

Christensen et al., 2019 [26]

IG

I, S

11–19 weeks

2x/week

75

Aerobic: HIIT on cycle ergometer: 4 × 4 min at 85–95% HRmax, 3 min active rest between, 21–28 min

Resistance: Major muscle groups, 3 sets of 8–12 reps at 60–80% 1-RM

69%

Worsening of the pre-exercise symptoms (fatigue, nausea, pain, dizziness) in 0.9–3.5% of all sessions

19

Dettling et al., 2013 [17]

IG

H, nS and

I, S

25 ± 12 days^a

7x/week

20

Respiratory: Threshold IMT device, 30% MIP increased by 10% if RPE < 5

NR

0

19

Inoue et al., 2013 [22]

IG

I, S

>  7 days

5x/week (aerobic-resistance) 3x /day (IMT)

40–60

Aerobic: 15 min on cycle ergometer

Resistance: Lower limbs and abdominal muscles

Respiratory: (1) IMT: 10 deep inspirations/set, 3 sets/time; (2) respiratory muscle stretching; (3) deep diaphragmatic breathing; (4) efficient coughing and huffing with abdominal contractions

NR

NR

16

Valkenet et al., 2018 [23]

IG

H, nS

21 days^b

2x/day

NR

Respiratory: Resistive inspiratory load device, 30 breaths at 60% MIP increased by 5% if RPE < 7

68%

0

19

van Adrichem et al., 2014 [24]

IMT-HI

I, S

3.7 weeks^b

3x/week

N

Respiratory: 6 cycles of 6 inspiratory maneuvers on an inspiratory threshold-loading device at 60–80%, increased by 5% if RPE < 5

98%

Tension headache

18

IMT-E

H, nS and

I, S

3.7 weeks^b

7x/week

20

Respiratory: Threshold IMT device, 30% of MIP increased by 5% if RPE < 5

99/%

Tension headache

Yamana et al., 2015 [18]

IG

I, S

15 days^a

5x/week

60

Aerobic: 20 min on cycle ergometer

Resistance: Lower limbs and abdominal muscles

Respiratory: (1) Respiratory muscle stretching; (2) deep diaphragmatic breathing; (3) efficient coughing and huffing with abdominal contractions

NR0

17

Cho et al., 2014 [25]

IG

NR

4 weeks

3–7x/week (aerobic)

1–2x/week (resistance)

NR

Aerobic: Treadmill, cycle ergometer, swimming, dancing, or jogging

Resistance

NR

0

14