Effects of a neuromuscular training program using external focus attention cues in male athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial

Table 4 Performance during the baseline and follow-up sessions for the control and experimental groups

	Control Group					Experimental Group
	Baseline^a	Follow-up^a	% Δ ^b	P^c	Effect size	Baseline^a	Follow-up^a	% Δ ^b	P^c	Effect size	Between group differences (ANCOVA)
Kinematics
Peak trunk Flexion (°)	27.2 ± 10.8	28.3 ± 10.7	↑4.01	0.259	0.050	23.2 ± 10.3	48.3 ± 10.8	↑108.59	<.001	0.76	0.003*
Peak hip Flexion (°)	38.6 ± 10.9	37.9 ± 12.5	↓1.86	0.639	0.205	22.3 ± 6.8	35.3 ± 5.1	↑58.37	<.001	0.73	0.008*
Peak knee flexion (°)	23.5 ± 9.1	27.3 ± 9.2	↑16.34	0.211	0.030	39.7 ± 12.54	56.8 ± 10.3	↑43.21	.01	0.60	0.012*
Peak knee abduction (°)	7.8 ± 1.1	7.6 ± 0.9	↓2.68	0.114	0.101	8.1 ± 1.18	5.7 ± 0.8	↓29.64	<.001	0.77	0.018*
Peak knee internal rotation (°)	14.4 ± 1.7	14.5 ± 1.9	↑0.27	0.870	0.001	15.9 ± 2.15	12.8 ± 1.2	↓19.86	<.001	0.76	0.022*
Kinetics
Peak reaction force, N/BW	3.9 ± 1.2	3.8 ± 1.1	↓1.81	0.075	0.030	3.4 ± 1.19	2.2 ± 0.5	↓34.21	<.001	0.54	0.008*
Peak anterior Tibial shear force (BW)	0.8 ± 0.5	0.8 ± 0.7	0	0.085	0.027	0.8 ± 0.6	0.7 ± 0.5	↓12.5	0.01	0.66	0.018*
Peak knee extension moment (Nm/kg)	3.8 ± 1.1	3.9 ± 0.8	↑2.6	0.120	0.029	3.5 ± 1.3	2.7 ± 0.7	↓22.85	0.01	0.59	0.022*
Peak Knee Abduction Moment (Nm/kg)	1.5 ± 1.2	1.6 ± 1.1	↑6.66	0.073	0.032	1.6 ± 0.7	1.0 ± 0.8	↓37.5	<.001	0.64	0.014*
Loading rate (BW/S)	45.4 ± 10.7	46.9 ± 8.1	↑3.3	0.093	0.022	47.6 ± 6.9	34.1 ± 8.5	↓28.36	0.01	0.81	0.016*
Position sense errors (°)	6.7 ± 3.7	6.5 ± 2.9	↓2.96	0.684	0.030	5.8 ± 1.67	2.8 ± 1.1	↓51.90	.01	0.73	0.001*
IKDC scores (%)	67.3 ± 8.1	68.8 ± 11.5	↑2.2%	.55	0.075	65.6 ± 9.7	84.7 ± 1.8	↑29.1%	<.001	0.80	0.003*

^aMean ± standard deviation for each dependent variable of interest during the baseline and follow-up time points
^b% Δ = percent change (follow-up relative to baseline); Iso = isometric, Con = concentric, Ecc = eccentric;
IKDC = International Knee Documentation Committee
^cp-values (P) related to post hoc paired t-tests
*denoted significant differences (ANCOVA)

ISSN: 2052-1847