Table 3 Most common repetitive injury patterns in professional men’s basketball
Injury pattern | Injured body site | Frequency of pattern: n/n total (%) | Main mechanism: frequency within pattern (n/n total of pattern) | Common injury types: frequency within pattern (n/n total of pattern) | Foul play: frequency within pattern (n/n total of pattern) | Detailed mechanism: frequency within pattern (n/n total of pattern) | Movement pattern: frequency within pattern (n/n total of pattern) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic | Basketball-specific | |||||||
(1) ‘Elbow-to-head injury’ | Head | 11/12 (92%) | Contact | Concussion (5/11), fracture (4/11), mainly of nasal septum or nasal bone (3/4) | Sometimes (fouled 2/11; own foul 1/11) | Hit or being pushed by an opponent (9/11), mainly by elbow-to-head contact (7/9) | Standing (3/11), being mid-air (3/11) | Rebounding (4/11) |
(2) ‘Shoulder collision injury’ | Shoulder | 7/10 (70%) | Contact | AC joint separation (4/7) | Rare (fouled 1/7; own foul 0/7) | Collision with opponent (4/7), often with shoulder-to-shoulder contact (3/4) | Running (5/7) | Screen defense (4/7) |
(3) ‘Overload thigh muscle injury’ | Thigh | 9/19 (47%) | Non-contact | Muscle tear (6/9) | No | Overload (8/9) | Sprinting (2/9), stopping (2/9) | Other 1 on 1 situation (4/9), penetration (3/9) |
(4) ‘Knee-to-thigh muscle injury’ | Thigh | 6/19 (32%) | Contact | Muscle tear (3/6), contusion (3/6) | Rare (fouled 1/6; own foul 0/16) | Collision with opponent (4/6), mainly by knee-to-thigh contact (3/4); hit or being pushed by an opponent with knee-to-thigh-contact (2/6) | Running (2/6) | Other 1 on 1 situation (2/6) |
(5) ‘Collision-with-opponent knee injury’ | Knee | 16/34 (47%) | Contact | (Partial) rupture of knee ligaments (8/16), mainly of the MCL (5/8) | Rare (fouled 0/16; own foul 2/16) | Collision with opponent (12/16), mainly by knee-to-knee contact (4/12); collision with teammate (4/16), mainly by knee-to-trunk contact (2/4) | Standing (6/16), landing (5/16) | Rebounding (4/16) |
(6) ‘Collision-and-twist knee injury’ | Knee | 11/34 (32%) | Indirect contact | (Partial) rupture of knee ligaments (5/11) | Sometimes (fouled 1/11; own foul 2/11) | Collision with opponent (10/11), resulting in twisting of the knee (7/10) | Landing (4/11),side-step (3/11) | Other 1 on 1 situation (5/11) |
(7) ‘Non-contact knee injury’ | Knee | 7/34 (21%) | Non-contact | (Partial) rupture of knee ligaments (4/7), mainly of the MCL (2/4) and the ACL (2/4) | No | Twisting of the knee (3/7), overload (3/7) | Change of direction (3/7), jumping (2/7) | Rebounding (2/7), other 1 on 1 situation (2/7) |
(8) ‘Foot-to-foot ankle injury’ | Ankle | 45/59 (76%) | Contact | Sprain or partial/full tear of medial or lateral ligaments (41/45) | Rare (fouled, 5/45; own foul, 1/45) | Collision with opponent with foot-to-foot contact (33/45), collision with teammate with foot-to-foot contact (7/45) | Landing (25/45), running (11/45) | Rebounding (9/45), lay up or dunking (7/45) |