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Table 4 Change in biomarkers

From: Effects of an overnight high-carbohydrate meal on muscle glycogen after rapid weight loss in male collegiate wrestlers

Variable

BL

R0

R13

Reference ranges

Blood

Hemoglobin (g dL−1)

15.0 ± 0.7

15.6 ± 0.9*

14.8 ± 0.7

13.5–17.5

Hematocrit (%)

45.0 ± 1.9

46.5 ± 2.5

44.6 ± 1.7

39.7–52.4

Total protein (g dL−1)

7.3 ± 0.3

8.2 ± 0.6*

7.2 ± 0.4

6.7–8.3

Albumin (g dL−1)

4.6 ± 0.1

5.1 ± 0.3*

4.5 ± 0.1

3.8–5.3

Creatinine (mg dL−1)

0.87 ± 0.11

1.06 ± 0.14

0.94 ± 0.11

0.61–1.04

Uric acid (mg dL−1)

5.5 ± 0.7

7.8 ± 1.1*

6.3 ± 1.0*

3.8–7.0

Urea nitrogen (mg dL−1)

15.3 ± 4.5

22.5 ± 4.0

17.0 ± 2.7

8.0–20.0

Glucose (mg dL−1)

87 ± 5

81 ± 7*

87 ± 5

70–109

Insulin (μU mL−1)

4.4 ± 1.9

2.3 ± 1.0

3.6 ± 1.3

1.7–10.4

Triglyceride (mg dL−1)

118 ± 56

44 ± 12*

55 ± 11*

30–149

Free fatty acid (mEq L−1)

0.25 ± 0.05

0.73 ± 0.37*

0.35 ± 0.10

0.10–0.90

Total cholesterol (mg dL−1)

179 ± 27

199 ± 25*

175 ± 20

120–219

HDL-cholesterol (mg dL−1)

60 ± 8

71 ± 7*

62 ± 7

40–85

LDL-cholesterol (mg dL−1)

97 ± 24

115 ± 23*

98 ± 17

65–139

Sodium (mEq L−1)

140 ± 2

142 ± 1*

139 ± 2

137–147

Potassium (mEq L−1)

4.7 ± 0.3

4.5 ± 0.2

4.7 ± 0.3

3.5–5.0

Chlorine (mEq L−1)

103 ± 1

104 ± 2

102 ± 2

98–108

Magnesium (mEq L−1)

2.2 ± 0.1

2.5 ± 0.2*

2.2 ± 0.2

1.9–2.5

Arginine vasopressin (pg mL−1)

9.1 ± 7.0

16.1 ± 8.2

10.4 ± 6.0

≤ 4.2

Testosterone (ng mL−1)

6.68 ± 1.45

4.75 ± 2.66*

6.27 ± 1.04

1.92–8.84

Urine

Urinary specific gravity

1.025 ± 0.010

1.037 ± 0.004*

1.026 ± 0.010

1.006–1.030

Osmotic pressure (mOs mL−1)

886 ± 297

1166 ± 140*

809 ± 305

50–1300

  1. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 9). *p < 0.05 versus BL; p < 0.05 versus R0