Altered trunk and lower extremity movement coordination after neuromuscular training with and without external focus instruction: a randomized controlled trial

Table 2 Mean coupling angles (SD) between thigh-shank, thigh-trunk and trunk-pelvis during DVJ

Variables (coupling)	Group	Baseline Mean ± SD	Six weeks Mean ± SD	Δ relative to baseline (%)	ES (η²_p)^b	P value^a, F
Thigh (flexion/extension)—Shank (flexion/extension) (°)	NMT plus EF	− 26.95 ± 9.62	− 19.12 ± 7.74 ^‡d	29.05 ↑	0.391^e	< 0.001, 13.48
	NMT	− 26.57 ± 9.08	− 22.56 ± 7.23 ^‡	15.09 ↑
	Control	− 27.35 ± 7.84	− 26.90 ± 7.72	1.65 ↑
Thigh (abduction/adduction)—Shank (flexion/extension) (°)	NMT plus EF	23.27 ± 9.20	11.34 ± 7.46 ^‡d	51.27 ↓	0.484^e	< 0.001, 19.73
	NMT	23.47 ± 9.42	17.40 ± 6.91 ^‡	25.86 ↓
	Control	22.13 ± 8.21	25.33 ± 5.44	14.46 ↑
Thigh (abduction/adduction)—Trunk (flexion/extension) (°)	NMT plus EF	29.84 ± 11.09	19.30 ± 9.59 ^‡d	35.32 ↓	0.441^e	< 0.001, 16.58
	NMT	34.59 ± 12.08	28.07 ± 9.57 ^‡	18.85 ↓
	Control	30.72 ± 12.51	31.18 ± 11.61	1.50 ↑
Trunk (flexion/extension)—pelvis (posterior tilt/anterior tilt) (°)	NMT plus EF	19.20 ± 7.80	9.41 ± 5.18 ^‡	50.99 ↓	0.500^e	< 0.001, 21.03
	NMT	18.10 ± 7.56	11.65 ± 6.82^c	35.64 ↓
	Control	17.21 ± 6.36	17.39 ± 6.80	1.05↑

NMT plus EF neuromuscular training plus external focus, NMT neuromuscular training, Δ percent change (↓ decrease, ↑ increase)
^aP value of ANCOVA
^bEffect size
^cDenotes significantly different than control group (P < 0.05)
^dDenotes significantly different than NMT group (P < 0.05)
^eLarge effect size (0.14) based on the study of Cohen (1992)

ISSN: 2052-1847