Table 2 Risk of bias assessment with modified Downs and Black checklist [29, 31, 32]
Authors and year | Design | Reporting | External validity | Internal validity | Power | Score | RoB | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | Total | Rating | ||
Busch et al. (2019) [13] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 14 | Medium |
Alkjaer et al. (2003) [33] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 14 | Medium |
Alkjaer et al. (2002) [34] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Arnason et al. (2014) [35] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Bryant et al. (2009) [36] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 16 | Medium |
Burland et al. (2020) [37] | CSS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 15 | Medium |
Cordeiro et al. (2015) [38] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 1 | 14 | Medium |
Dashti Rostami et al. (2019) [39] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Jordan et al. (2016) [40] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 1 | 14 | Medium |
Lessi et al. (2017) [41] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 14 | Medium |
Oliver et al. (2018) [42] | P, CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | IC | 1 | X | X | IC | X | 0 | 14 | Medium |
Ortiz et al. (2014) [43] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Patras et al. (2009) [44] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | IC | X | X | X | IC | X | 0 | 12 | Medium |
Patras et al. (2010) [45] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 13 | Medium |
Pincheira et al. (2018) [46] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 1 | 13 | Medium |
Rudolph et al. (2001) [47] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Rudolph et al. (2000) [48] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 15 | Medium |
Rudolph and Snyder-Mackler (2004) [49] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 13 | Medium |
Swanik et al. (2004) [50] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | X | X | X | 1 | 13 | Medium |
Briem et al. (2016) [51] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 18 | Low |
Lessi et al. (2018) [52] | R, CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 17 | Low |
Lustosa et al. (2011) [53] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 17 | Low |
Nyland et al. (2010) [54] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 0 | X | 0 | 17 | Low |
Nyland et al. (2013) [55] | R, CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 18 | Low |
Nyland et al. (2014) [56] | CS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 17 | Low |
Boerboom et al. (2001) [57] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | X | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | X | X | 1 | X | 0 | 11 | High |
Bulgheroni et al. (1997) [58] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | X | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | X | X | X | 0 | 9 | High |
Gokeler et al. (2010) [59] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 12 | High |
Hansen et al. (2017) [60] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 12 | High |
Klyne et al. (2012) [61] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 12 | High |
Knoll et al. (2004) [62] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | X | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 10 | High |
Kuster et al. (1995) [63] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 12 | High |
Madhavan and Shields (2011) [64] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 9 | High |
Ortiz et al. (2008) [65] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 0 | X | 0 | 11 | High |
Ortiz et al. (2011) [66] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | 0 | X | 0 | 10 | High |
Patras et al. (2012) [67] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 0 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 8 | High |
Swanik et al. (1999) [68] | CCS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | X | 0 | 0 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | 0 | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 10 | High |
Zebis et al. (2017) [69] | CS | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | X | 0 | 1 | X | X | 1 | X | 1 | 1 | X | X | X | X | X | X | 0 | 11 | High |