Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author, year | Country | Function status | Sample (I/C) | Age (I/C) | Disease duration (I/C) | Intervention | Frequency (per week) | Duration (min) | Intensity | Length (week) | Comparison | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Van den Ende, 2000 | Netherlands | nr | 34/30 | 62 ± 13/58 ± 14 | 8 ± 8/7 ± 8 | Muscle strengthening exercises, bicycle training | 3 | 15 | 60% of max HR | 4 | Usual care | ①②④⑥⑦ |
De Jong, 2003 | Netherlands | ACR I–III | 150/150 | 54.0 ± 16/53.3 ± 18 | 7.5 ± 10.8/5 ± 7 | Bicycle training, exercise circuit, sport or game | 2 | 75 | 70–90% of max HR | 96 | Usual care | ①② |
Melikoglu,2006 | Turkey | ACR I–II | 20/20 | 46.42 ± 8.34/50.29 ± 9.70 | 6.72 ± 6.31/6 ± 5.67 | Dynamic exercise performed on treadmill | 2 | 20 | 60% of max HR | 2 | Range of motion (ROM) exercise | ①⑤⑥⑦⑪ |
Neuberger, 2007 | US | nr | 84/75 | 55.5 ± 7.5 | 8 ± 12.38 | Low-impact aerobics, strengthening | 3 | 60 | 60–80% of max HR | 12 | Usual care | ③⑤⑥⑧⑨ |
Baillet, 2009 | France | ACR I–II | 25/23 | 51.6 ± 8.3/56.3 ± 12.8 | 10.5 ± 8.0/11.7 ± 6.2 | Cycling, running or resisting pulley cord, | 5 | 45 | 60–80% of max HR | 48 | Education | ①② |
Flint-Wagner, 2009 | US | ACR I–II | 16/8 | 52.2 ± 13/49.0 ± 12.6 | 15.4 ± 10.8/11.2 ± 8.9 | Strength training, aerobic exercise, abdominal exercises | 3 | 75 | nr | 16 | Usual care | ①⑦ |
Breedland, 2011 | Netherlands | Steinbrocker I–II | 19/15 | 45 ± 11.9/51.8 ± 9.4 | 9.7 ± 14.0/5.9 ± 7.2 | Muscle exercise circuit and bicycle training, sports, aqua jogging | 2 | 90 | More than 60% of max HR | 8 | Usual care | ②⑨ |
Stavropoulos-Kalinoqlou, 2013 | UK | nr | 20/20 | 55.0 ± 9.8/52.8 ± 10.1 | 5.5 ± 1.68/7.0 ± 1.25 | Treadmills, and cycle, hand and rowing erg-ometers | 3 | 50–60 | 70% VO2 max | 24 | Education | ①②⑤ |
Alghadir, 2016 | Saudi Arabia | nr | 20/20 | 45.9 ± 6.3/55.6 ± 12.41 | 12.3 ± 2.01/12.9 ± 3.01 | Supervised aerobic exercise using treadmills | 3 | 45–60 | Moderate intensity, 30–45% of VO2max | 24 | Usual care | ①②③④⑤⑥ |
Lange, 2019 | Sweden | DAS28 < 5.1 | 36/38 | 69.14 ± 2.61/70.11 ± 2.30 | 15.4 ± 10.7/17.4 ± 10.9 | Aerobic exercise and resistance exercis | 3 | 30 | 70–89%of max HR | 20 | Home-based non-aerobic exercise | ①⑨⑩ |
Andersson, 2020 | Sweden | DAS28 < 5.1 | 24/25 | 69 ± 2.7/70 ± 2.4 | 13 ± 2.43/20 ± 3.25 | Gym-based resistance and aerobic exercise | 3 | 30 | 70–90%of max HR | 20 | Home-based non-aerobic exercise | ①⑨⑩ |
Azeez, 2020 | Ireland | nr | 28/24 | 58.5 ± 9.75/63 ± 9.5 | 2 ± 4.75/9 ± 11.5 | Cardiovascular exercise like walking, cycling or swimming and strength training | nr | nr | nr | 12 | Usual care | ①②⑤⑥⑨ |
GarcÃa-Morales, 2020 | Mexico | ACR I–III | 37/31 | 49.7 ± 11.4/49.1 ± 12.1 | 14 ± 3.88/8 ± 5 | Articular rotation, bicycle, anaerobic exercise, recreational games, | 2 | 80–90 | 65–85% of max HR | 12 | Education | â‘ |