Table 4 Within- and between-group changes
Model-oriented learning | Self-organized learning (DL) | Control | Univariate tests of GLM | Posthoc LSD | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model oriented versus self-organized | Model-oriented versus control | Self-organized versus control | ||||||
Ankle dorsiflexion at heel-ground contact (°) | Pre-test | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 4.09 ± 3.7 | 5.00 ± 3.4 | F = 8.90 d = 0.24 P = 0.00 MCID = 2.4°/1.6° | 0.678 | 0.02¥ | 0.04¥ |
Post-test | 7.8 ± 2.1* | 7.45 ± 2.1* | 5.20 ± 3.5 | |||||
Knee flexion in the moment of heel-ground contact (°) | Pre-test | 9.10 ± 7.8 | 7.45 ± 5.4 | 7.40 ± 7.8 | F = 4.02 d = 0.12 P = 0.04 MCID = 8.48°/6.8° | 0.64 | 0.04¥ | 0.09 |
Post-test | 4.40 ± 3.6* | 4.27 ± 3.7* | 7.10 ± 7.4 | |||||
Hip flexion in the moment of heel-ground contact (°) | Pre-test | 27.30 ± 7.7 | 25.45 ± 5.1 | 23.40 ± 5.9 | F = 8.31 d = 0.26 P = 0.006 MCID = 5.81°/2.8° | 0.712 | 0.034¥ | 0.025¥ |
Post-test | 19.90 ± 4.8* | 20.45 ± 4.5* | 23.40 ± 5.4 | |||||
Ankle plantar flexion in the moment of toe off the ground (°) | Pre-test | 8.40 ± 4.7 | 8.55 ± 3.0 | 9.60 ± 5.0 | F = 14.26 d = 0.303 P = 0.00 MCID = 2.4°/1.6° | 0.46 | 0.021¥ | 0.027¥ |
Post-test | 14.40 ± 2.9* | 13.82 ± 2.8* | 10.00 ± 5.2 | |||||
Knee flexion in the moment of toe off the ground (°) | Pre-test | 39.80 ± 2.0 | 36.82 ± 4.6 | 35.30 ± 4.8 | F = 13.81 d = 0.298 P = 0.00 MCID = 8.48°/6.8° | 0.218 | 0.04¥ | 0.041¥ |
Post-test | 32.40 ± 53* | 32.09 ± 3.7* | 35.30 ± 4.4 | |||||
Hip extension in the moment of toe off the ground (°) | Pre-test | 5.60 ± 5.2 | 7.45 ± 4.8 | 9.00 ± 7.0 | F = 14.56 d = 0.306 P = 0.00 MCID = 5.81°/2.8° | 0.462 | 0.037¥ | 0.040¥ |
Post-test | 13.90 ± 3.9* | 14.55 ± 4.0* | 9.50 ± 7.1 | |||||