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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants with COVID-19 patients: intervention versus control group (N = 137)

From: Effects of short-term breathing exercises on respiratory recovery in patients with COVID-19: a quasi-experimental study

Variables

Intervention group

n = 79

Control group

n = 58

P valuea

Demographics

   

Age, mean (± SD)

50.1 (10.5)

51.5 (10.4)

0.43

Sex (men), n (%)

55 (69.6)

36 (62.1)

0.36

BMI, kg/m2, mean (± SD)

25.7 (4.6)

missing (n = 5)

27.1 (5.4)

missing (n = 9)

0.17

Employment status (employed)

61 (77.8)

47 (81)

missing (n = 3)

0.65

Education

  

0.63

 Secondary or above, n (%)

69 (87.3)

49 (84.5)

 

 Primary or no formal education, n (%)

10 (12.7)

9 (15.5)

 

Current smoker (yes), n (%)

15 (19)

10 (17.2)

0.86

Haematological/biochemical data

   

Hemoglobin, gm/dL, mean (± SD)

12.84 (2.1)

12.67 (1.8)

0.62

Total WBC, mcL, mean (± SD)

8260.8 (4073.1)

9818.9 (4562.2)

0.04

 Neutrophil, mcL, mean (± SD)

6335.1 (3987.1)

missing (n = 1)

7533.3 (4287.9)

0.10

 Lymphocytes, mcL, mean (± SD)

1549.4 (735.6)

missing (n = 1)

1759.9 (1191.3)

0.21

SGPT, units /L, mean (± SD)

50.45 (27.6)

missing (n = 29)

39.03 (27.5)

missing (n = 19)

0.06

Serum D-Dimer, μg/ml,mean (± SD)

0.41 (0.5)

missing (n = 9)

0.47 (0.4)

missing (n = 20)

0.48

Serum ferritin, ng/ml, mean (± SD)

293.6 (294.7)

missing (n = 9)

290.0 (367.8)

missing (n = 20)

0.95

C-reactive protein, mg/L, mean (± SD)

16.9 (27.9)

missing (n = 9)

19.7 (27.9)

missing (n = 20)

0.58

Disease related data/comorbidities

   

Need of oxygen supplementation

  

0.15

 1–4 L/min, n (%)

62 (78.5)

51 (87.9)

 

 5–10 L/min, n (%)

17 (21.5)

7 (12.1)

 

Productive cough (yes), n (%)

21(26.6)

18 (31)

0.57

Able to clear secretions independently (yes), n (%)

18 (22.8)

18 (31)

0.32

COPD or other respiratory diseases, (yes), n (%)

24 (30.4)

18 (31)

0.54

Other major comorbidities

   

Type 2 diabetes, n (%)

49 (62)

40 (69)

0.47

Hypertension, n (%)

51 (64.6)

38 (65.5)

0.52

Ischemic heart disease, n (%)

5 (6.3)

6 (10.3)

0.29

Kidney diseases, n (%)

6 (8.6)

4 (6.9)

0.49

Liver diseases, n (%)

2 (3.0)

2 (3.4)

0.63

Malignant tumor, n (%)

3 (4.5)

0 (0)

0.15

  1. COVID-19, Coronavirus 2019; WBC, White blood cells; SGPT, Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (Liver Function Tests); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. aDifferences were assessed with independent t test for continuous variables, and Pearson’s Chi-square tests for categorical variables
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BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation

ISSN: 2052-1847

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