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Table 3 Mean and standard deviation of the left arm muscles strength in three groups of massage, ROM exercises and control at different times

From: A randomized controlled clinical trial of the effects of range of motion exercises and massage on muscle strength in critically ill patients

Left arm muscles strength (Kg)

Group

Massage

ROM exercises

Control

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

T1

8.35

2.65

9.75

2.08

10.80

2.02

T2

8.48

2.61

9.99

2.09

10.58

2.06

T3

8.63

2.56

10.36

2.11

10.24

2.04

Mean difference (T3-T1)

0.28

0.29

0.61

0.17

− 0.57

0.28

Source of variance

Sum of squares

Degree of freedom

F

P value

Effect size

Time

0.55

1.70

11.61

 < 0.001

0.12

Group * time

11.26

3.40

119.28

 < 0.001

0.73

Group

205.99

2

6.72

0.002

0.13

Error

1333.16

87

   
  1. ROM, Range of motion; SD, Standard deviation; T1, Before intervention; T2, During intervention; T3, After intervention