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Table 1 Study characteristics

From: Add-on exercise interventions for smoking cessation in people with mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study/design

Sample

Intervention

Control condition

Measuring points

Survey methods

Bernard et al. [54]

Single group prospective design

n = 12

Adults (both sexes) with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder

Age: 45.7 years

8-week group program:

a) “smoking reduction” group: counseling intervention based on behaviour change (5 × 75 min)

b) exercise sessions: walking (moderate intensity) (3 × 90 min)

Baseline, end of intervention, 6-week follow-up

Number of cigarettes, CO concentration, FTND, SEQ-12, Q-MAT, HADS

Bernard et al. [55]

RCT

n = 70

(EX: 35, CO:35)

Adults (both sexes) with depression

Age: 48.5 years

8-week group program:

a1) initial individual session: brief counseling and 12-week prescription for NRT (patches, gums) or varenicline

a2) standard smoking cessation treatment: 10 counseling sessions with different BCTs (40 min) (weeks 1–2: biweekly, weeks 3–8: weekly)

b) group exercise program: two supervised sessions (40-min ergometer, 60–85% maximum heart rate) in first two weeks; one supervised session and one home-based session (40-min walking, cycling or running) in weeks 3–8

c) health education

 + a1)

Baseline, end of intervention, 12-, 24-, 52-week follow-ups

Number of cigarettes, continuous abstinence rate, CO concentration, FTND, HADS, SEQ-12, TCQ-12, PA (accelerometer, IPAQ-SF), SF-12, PSPP, 6MWT

Patten et al. [42]

RCT

n = 30

(EX:15, CO:15)

Female adults with depression

Age: 37.5 years

12-week individual-based program:

a) behavioural smoking cessation counseling (one session each week, 15–20 min) and pharmacotherapy with nicotine patches

b) exercise: aerobic activity (cardiovascular equipment of choice) (gradually progression from moderate to vigorous intensity) (three 30–40 min sessions per week)

c) health education

 + a)

Baseline, end of intervention, 6-month post-target quit date

Number of cigarettes, seven-day point prevalence abstinence rate, saliva cotinine, FTND, PA (maximal oxygen consumption, accelerometer), PHQ-9

Smits et al. [56]

RCT

n = 136

(EX: 72, CO: 64)

Adults (both sexes) with anxiety sensitivity

Age: 44.2 years

15-week group program:

a) standard treatment for smoking cessation: 7 weekly 60-min sessions of CBT and subsequently optional NRT patches

b) exercise: treadmill (progress exercise intensity to a vigorous level) (three weekly 35-min sessions)

c) wellness education

 + a)

Baseline, end of intervention, 4- and 6-months post-target quit date

Number of cigarettes, seven-day point prevalence and prolonged abstinence rate, CO concentration, saliva cotinine, FTND, ASI-16, ASI-3, IDAS

Smits et al. [57]

RCT

n = 150

(EX1: 77, CO:73)

Adults (both sexes) with high anxiety sensitivity

Age: 38.6 years

15-week individual program:

a) behavioral smoking cessation counseling: Texas Tobacco Quitline (week 3–7) and NRT (week 6–15)

b) exercise: three supervised sessions in first week, one supervised and two non-supervised sessions in weeks 2–15, aerobic training (high-intensity level (60–85% of HRR)) (three 25 min sessions per week)

c) = b) low-intensity level (20–40% of HRR)

 + a)

Baseline, end of intervention, 3- and 6-months post-target quit date

seven-day-point-prevalence abstinence rate, CO concentration, saliva cotinine, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, TND, ASI-3, PROMIS-anxiety 6 SF, PROMIS-depression 6 SF

Vickers et al. [58]

RCT

n = 60

(EX: 30, CO: 30)

Female adults with depression

Age: 41.4 years

10-week individual tailored program:

a) Smoking cessation counseling: brief counseling and handouts (one session per week, 10 min) and nicotine patch therapy (week 4–10)

b1) exercise counseling sessions based on social cognitive therapy (one 30 min session per week)

b2) participants could use environments that were most convenient, enjoyable and feasible for exercise completion, participants recorded daily PA

c) health education

 + a)

Baseline, end of intervention, 24-week follow-up

Number of cigarettes, seven-day point prevalence abstinence rate, CO concentration, urine cotinine, FTND, HRSD, CES-D, PANAS, treadmill test (maximal oxygen consumption), 7D-PAR

  1. PA, Physical Activity; FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; SEQ-12, Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; Q-MAT, Smoking cessation motivation questionnaire; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Depression; BCTs, behaviour change techniques; TCQ-12, Tobacco Craving Questionnaire; IPAQ-SF, International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form; SF-12, Short Form Health Survey; PSPP, Physical Self-Perception Profile; 6MWT, 6-Minute Walk Test; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; ASI-16, 16-item Anxiety Sensitivity Index; ASI-3, Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3; IDAS, Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms; HRR, heart rate reserve; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; SF, Short Form; TND, test for nicotine dependence; HRSD, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Scale; 7D-PAR, Blair 7-day Physical Activity Recall